Chapter 4.
Vitamins and
Coenzymes
Lecture 1. Water-soluble vitamins
and coenzymes
Lecture 2. Fat-soluble vitamins
Introduction of Vitamins
• Organic molecules, essential for the
normal growth and development,
required in tiny amounts
• Cannot be synthesized by mammalian
cells, must be supplied in the diet
The Classification of Vitamins
Water-soluble ： thiamineVB1, riboflavinVB2,
pantothenic acid （ VB3 ） , niacin （ VPP 、 VB5 ） ,
VB6, biotin （ VB7 ） , folic acid （ VB11 ?VB9 ） ,
cobalaminVB12, VC
Fat-soluble ： VA 、 VD 、 VE 、 VK
Lecture 1
Water-soluble Vitamins and Coenzymes
1. VitB3
Nicotinamide Coenzymes
Containing: nicotinic acid , nicotinamide
Coenzyme ： NADH and NADPH
Function ： the coenzyme of
dehydrogenase ， transfer of hydride anion
The nicotinamide coenzymes play a role in
many oxidation–reduction reactions.
Mechanism ：
• Deficiency
• Pellagra.
呕吐、失眠、疲劳
Snapshot 7-8, p, 238
2. VitB2
Riboflavin—— precursor for the
coenzymes FAD, FMN
Flavin Coenzymes
Riboflavin powder
FMN, FAD
Coenzyme ：
Flavin mononucleotide
FMN
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
FAD
Function ： electron acceptors and donors
in the oxidation-reduction reactions
FMN + 2H == FMNH2
FAD + 2H == FADH2
Deficiency ： Growth retardation
3. VB5, Pantothenic Acid
Coenzyme A
“Pantothenic acid”
Function:
This coenzyme is involved in acyl-
group–transfer reactions
Deficiency:
4. VB1 （ Thiamin ）
Thiamin pyrophosphate （ TPP ）
The first discovery of vitamin
Structure ：
Coenzyme: thiamine pyrophosphate
TPP
- cofactor for the pyruvate dehydrogenase
-α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase catalyzed
reactions
-the coenzyme of pyruvate decarboxylase
-the transketolase catalyzed reactions of
the pentose phosphate pathway.
Deficiency ： beriberi
sources ：
Snapshot 7-6, p, 236
5. VitB6
Pyridoxine
Coenzyme ： pyridoxal
phosphate （ PLP ） and pyridoxamine
phosphate （ PMP ） （— NH3)
Function ：
Coenzymes of amino acid metabolism (transamination ,
decarboxylation, racemization)
Deficiency ：
- Anemia
- Skin problems
- Sores in the mouth
Snapshot 7-11, p, 243
6. VitC
Ascorbic Acid
Reduction Oxidation
Function ：
• Prevention of scurvy （ protect the membrane ）
• Participate in oxidation-reduction reaction
• The coenzyme of prolyl hydroxylase
（ the synthesis of collagen protein ）
Deficiency ： scurvy
Snapshot 7-5, p, 232
6. Biotin
Vitamin H （ VB7 ）
Cocarboxylase
O
Urea C
HN NH
HC CH
Thiophene
H2C CH (CH2)4 COOH
S Pentanoate 【戊酸】
Function ：
Biotin is a
prosthetic group
for enzymes that
catalyze carboxyl
group transfer
reactions
and ATP-
dependent
carboxylation
reactions.
7. Folic Acid （ Folate ）
VitM, VB11
6-Methylpteridin p-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA)
Pteroic acid Glutamic acid
Peteroylglutamic acid
Coenzymes ： tetrahydrofolic acid （ THFA, FH4 ）
Function ： the coenzyme of one-carbon
units transferase
-CH3 、 -CH2- 、 -C(O)-H 、 =C-
Deficiency: megaloblastic anemia
8. VB12
Cobalamin
Function ： Methyltransferases, Methyl (-CH3)
group transfers between two molecules.
Deficiency ： pernicious anemia
Snapshot 7-10, p, 242
9. Lipoic Acid
Forms ： lipoic acid （ oxidized form ） and
dihydrolipoic acid （ reduced form ）
Function ： electron carrier ； acyl group carrier
Lecture 2
Fat-soluble Vitamins
1. VA
Retinol
Sources ： animals and β-carotene
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
CH3 H CH3 H
C CH2OH C CH2OH
C C CH C C C CH C
H H H H H H
H3C CH3 H3C CH3
VA1 VA2
retinol dehydroretinol
Deficiency: Night Blindness
Snapshot 7-1, p, 219
2. VD
Function ：
Promotes calcium （ Ca ） and
phosphonium （ P ） absorption into intestine.
CH3
CH3 H CH3 Skin of animals ：
C C C C C
H H2 H2 H2 CH3 7-dehydrocholesterol
CH3
CH3
CH3 H CH3
HO C C C C C
H H 2 H 2 H2 CH3
UV CH2
230~300nm
HO VD3
Deficiency: rickets, osteomalacia
Snapshot 7-2, p, 223
3. VE
-Tocopherol
，， and are physiological
active.
-Tocopherol is the most active form.
Functions ：
Maintaining animal procreating ability,
anti-infertilitas.
An antioxidant in cells ： prevent the
oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.
Promote metabolism of heme.
Sources and Deficiency
Snapshot 7-3, p, 226
4. VK
They are 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (3-) derivatives
VK1
12
43
VK2
Functions ： promote the blood clotting
• Blood coagulation: prothrombin (factor II), factors
VII, IX, and X, and proteins C, S, and Z
• Bone metabolism: osteocalcin, also called bone Gla
protein (BGP), matrix Gla protein (MGP),[36] and
periostin.
• Vascular biology: growth arrest-specific protein 6
(Gas6)
Deficiency: coagulopathy
Snapshot 7-4, p, 228
