Fundamentals

of Electronics

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X 2 L
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Electronic Circuit

Is composed of different

components that are classified as

Passive and Active Components.

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 o mp o ne n ts
Passive C
d e v i c e
or

Are components that do not generate voltage but

controls the current in a circuit.

e.g.

Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors etc.

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 Pass
i ve C
om p
onen
ts

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Active Components

Are components that can be

generate amplify and even controls
the current in a circuit

e.g.

Diode, Transistor, Integrated Circuits (IC)

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 Active
Comp
onent
s

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 on ic sym b ol s
Basic Electr

A. Resistor Family

Resistor
- An electrical component that is used to
oppose the flow of current

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 (5 types of Resistor)

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 1. Fixed resistor
- To limit the current.

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2. Tapped resistor (fixed)

-A wire-wound fixed resistor having one or more

additional terminals along its length.

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 3. Variable resistor (potentiometer)

-is used in circuits to vary the magnitude of

resistance passing through the resistor.

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 4. Trimmer resistor (variable)
-is a miniature variable resistor (rheostat) used mainly in
place of a fixed resistor permit convenient adjustment of
resistance in a circuit.

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5. Light dependent resistor (LDR)
- A resistor is not depended on light to function a
simplied. however there are devices that do change
resistance as exposed to external photons source.

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 B. Capacitor Family

Capacitor

– An Electrical device consist of two plates

separated by an insulators called
“Dielectric” and has the capability to charge
and discharge voltage.

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 ( 6 types of Capacitor)

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 1. Fixed Capacitor
- is constructed in such manner that it possesses a
fixed value of capacitance which cannot be adjusted.

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 2. Polarized Capacitor
(Electrolytic or Tantalum)
-have large leakage current if the voltage is inverted.
- This are most like a battery.

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 3. Non-polarized Capacitor
(AC Capacitor)
- are needed at AC applications in series or in
parallel with the signal (or power).

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4. Varactor or Capacitive diode
- are commonly found in communication equipment where
electronic tuning is a necessity. They are an important
component of radio frequency or RF applications.

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5. Trimmer Capacitor (variable)
- having variable capacitance; used for making fine
adjustments.

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6. Tuning Capacitor (variable)
- in a radio is involved in determining the frequency of an
oscillator somewhere in the radio. As that capacitance is
varied, the frequency of the oscillator changes.

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 C. Coil Family
Coil
-is an inductor.
- Are used in electronic circuits to introduce
inductance.
Inductor
-an electrical device formed by an insulated
wire, wound in a coil around a core having
the capability to store energy in its
electromagnetic field.

- Inductors are frequently found in tuning and

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 D. Semi-Conductor Family

Diode

- an Electronic device that permits

current to pass or to flow in only one
direction.

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Transistor
-a semi conductor device use for amplification
and switching application in electronic circuits.

Thyristor
– a class of four layer semi-conductor device
used to control AC voltage application

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 14 Types of semi- conductor Family

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 1. Crystal Diode
-Is a wafer of nature quarts on ohm piece electric
material having a definite thickness that makes it
vibrate at a predetermined frequency when
connected in a circuits.

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2. Rectifier diode
- A device which performs the opposite function
(converting DC to AC) is known as an inverter.

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3. Zener diode
- is a special kind of diode which allows current to flow in the
forward direction in the same manner as an ideal diode, but will also
permit it to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is above a
certain value known as the breakdown voltage, "zener knee voltage"
or "zener voltage".

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4. FET diode
is a specific type of metal oxide semiconductor field-effect
transistor ,designed to handle significant power levels.
Compared to the other power semiconductor devices, its main
advantages are high commutation speed and good efficiency
at low voltages. It shares with the IGBT an isolated gate that
makes it easy to drive.

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 5. Tunnel diode or (ezaki diode)
Esaki diode is a type of semiconductor diode which is
capable of very fast operation, well into the microwave
frequency region, by using the quantum mechanical effect
called tunneling.

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 6. Diac
-diode for alternating current', is a diode that
conducts current only after its breakover
voltage has been reached momentarily.

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 7. Photo diode
- is a type of photo detector capable of converting
light into either current or voltage, depending upon
the mode of operation. The common, traditional
solar cell used to generate electric solar power is a
large area photodiode.

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 8. Light emitting diode (LED)

- is a semi conductor light source. LEDs are used

as indicator lamps in many devices and are
increasingly used for other lighting.

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9. Silicon Sensitive diode (SCR)
- is a four-layer solid state current. The name "silicon
controlled rectifier" or SCR is General Electric's trade
name for a type of thyristor. This device is generally
used in switching applications.

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 10. Triac
- triode for alternating current), an electronics
component

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11. Quadrac
- are a special type of thyristor which combines a
"diac" and a "triac" in a single package. The diac
is the triggering device for the triac.

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 12. Photo transistor
Like diodes, all transistors are light-sensitive. Phototransistors
are designed specifically to take advantage of this fact.

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 13. NPN and PNP Transistor

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14. P-Channel (j-fet transistor)
and N- Channel (j-fet transistor)

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 E. Other Components

are components that are Commonly

use in creating a device.

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 1. Loudspeaker

-An electric device used to convert electrical signal to

sounds

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 [Link]
- An energy source that uses a chemical reaction to
convert chemical energy to electrical energy. It is
composed of zinc, magnesium and a metal
connector and lead out

3. Ground

Common reference point of circuits

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4. Antenna

- Intercepts and collects the radio signal that comes from

the transmitters of radio or T.V stations.

[Link]

-a protective device that blows open when there is

excessive current flow in the circuits.

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 Switch-
- A mechanical device that is used to turn On
and OFF a circuits. momentarily control the
power in the circuit.

[Link]-button Switch 7. Push button Switch

(Normally open) (Normally close)

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 Color Coding Resistor

Tolerance- allowable resistance more or

less then the actual resistance

Multiplier- Used to multiply the significant

digits to find the actual value of the
resistor

1st and 2nd significant digit-

read identified as is Power Rating of resistor
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Carbon composition Carbon film

Metal film

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 High- power wire wound ceramic

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 Color coding of carbon composition resistor
The Standard EIA Color Code Table per EIA-RS-279 is as follows

Color 1st band 2nd band 3rd band 4th band Temperature
(Multiplier) (tolerance) (Coefficient)

Black 0 0 x1
Brown 1 1 X10 ±1% 100ppm
Red 2 2 X100 ±2% 50ppm

Orange 3 3 X1000 15ppm

Yellow 4 4 X10000 25ppm
Green 5 5 X100000 ± 0.5%
Blue 6 6 X1000000 ±0.25%
Violet 7 7 X10000000 ±0.1%
Grey 8 8 X1000000000 ±0.05%
White 9 9 x10000000000 ±5%
Gold X0.1 ±10%
Silver X0.01 ±20%
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None
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 Brown-red-brown-silver
1 2 0 ±10%

Value reading = 120 ohms

Rated value= 120 ± 10%

10% of 120= 12
Lowest allowed value= ??
120-12=108

Highest allowed value=??

120+12=132
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 ABC
ALWAYS BE CAREFUL