VARIABLES

A variable in research simply refers

to a person, place, thing, or
phenomenon that you are trying
to measure in some way. The best
way to understand the difference
between a dependent and
independent variable is that the
meaning of each is implied by what
the words tell us about the variable
you are using.
What is example variable in research?

It could be demographic, physical or

social and include religion, income,
occupation, temperature, humidity,
language, food, fashion, etc. Some
variables can be quite concrete and
clear, such as gender, birth order, types
of blood group etc while others can be
considerably more abstract
Type of variable Definition
Variables you manipulate
Independent variables in order to affect the
(aka treatment variables) outcome of an
experiment.
Variables that represent
Dependent variables (aka
the outcome of the
response variables)
experiment.
The type of soda – diet or
regular – is the independent
variable. The level of blood
sugar that you measure is the
dependent variable – it changes
depending on the type of soda.
 ACTIVITY 1.

1. Write a 5 topic that compose a

independent and dependent
variable.
2. Underline the independent
variable and encircle the
dependent variable.
CLASSIFICATION
OF VARIABLES
IN RESEARCH
1. A numeric variable (also
called quantitative variable) is a
quantifiable characteristic
whose values are
numbers (except numbers
which are codes standing up for
categories). Numeric variables
may be either continuous or
discrete.
a. A discrete variable is a variable
that takes on distinct, countable
values.

b. A continuous variable is a
variable that takes on any value
within a range, and the number of
possible values within that range is
infinite.
2. A Categorical Variable (also
called qualitative variable) is a
variable that can take on one of a
limited, and usually fixed, number of
possible values, assigning each
individual or other unit of
observation to a particular group or
nominal category on the basis of
some qualitative property.
Categorical variables represent types of data
which may be divided into groups. Examples of
categorical variables are race, sex, age group,
and educational level.
An ordinal variable is a type of
measurement variable that takes values
with an order or rank.
A nominal variable is a type of variable that is
used to name, label or categorize particular
attributes that are being measured.

Examples of nominal variables

include: genotype, blood type, zip
code, gender, race, eye color,
political party.
For example, if we were looking at gender, we
would most probably categorize somebody as
either "male" or "female".
Some examples are gender (male or female),
answer (yes or no), and veracity (true or false).
Experimental variables
a.Independent variables. These variables
are usually manipulated in an experiment.
Thus, it is also called manipulated or
explanatory variable.

b.Dependent variables. These variables are

usually affected by the manipulation of the
independent variables. They are also called
response or predicted variable.
a.Extraneous variables. These variables
are also called mediating or
intervening variables. These variables
are already existing during the
conduct of an experiment and could
influence the result of the study. They
are also known as covariate variables.
Effective titles in academic research
papers have several characteristics.

•Indicate accurately the subject and scope

of the study.
•Avoid using abbreviations.
•Use words that create a positive
impression and stimulate reader interest.
•Use current terminology from the field of
study.
•Identify key variables, both dependent and
independent.
•Suggest a relationship between variables
which supports the major hypothesis.
•Is limited to 10 to 15 substantive words.
•Do not include "study of," "analysis of" or
similar constructions.
•Titles are usually in the form of a phrase,
but can also be in the form of a question.
•Use correct grammar and capitalization
with all first words and last words
capitalized, including the first word of a
subtitle.
•All nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives,
and adverbs that appear between the first
and last words of the title are also
capitalized.
•In academic papers, rarely is a title
followed by an exclamation mark.
However, a title or subtitle can be in the
form of a question.
•Never include a period at the end—your
title is not a sentence
Writing the title of the research
proposal
 Interesting
Research Paper
Topics for High
Schoolers