COURSE TITLE: COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

COURSE CODE: TEL …., TEL 411

CREDIT HOURS: 3

LECTURER: Dr. Nsor-Anabiah

OFFICE HOURS: Mondays; 17:300 – 20:30 GMT

OFFICE LOCATION: FOE-TELCOM ENGINEERING DEPT.

PHONE: 020-649-5677 / 055-524-8133

E-MAIL: [email protected]
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 Pre-Requisites:
 Sound English Language Proficiency
(The Queen’s English)
 Engineering Maths I, II, III, IV, V
 Electronics I II III (Analogue Electronics)
 Digital Electronics,
 Circuit Theory
 Field Theory
 Communication Electronics,
 Analogue Communications Systems ,
 Digital Communications Systems,
 Antennas & Propagation of Radio Waves,
 DSP,
 Electromagnetic Wave Theory,
 Microwave Devices,
 Etc. Academic excellence in ICT Education
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 CHAPTER 4

INTEGRATED
SERVICES DIGITAL
NETWORKS (ISDN)
ISDN EXPLAINED
 ISDN system allows voice and data to be transmitted
simultaneously across the world using end-to-end digital
connectivity.

 With ISDN, voice and data are carried by bearer channels (B

channels) occupying a bandwidth of 64 kb/s.

 Some switches limit B channels to a capacity of 56 kb/s.

 A data channel (D channel) handles signalling at 16 kb/s or 64

kb/s, depending on the service type.
Technically, What Exactly is the ISDN?
 ISDN is basically the telephone network
modified All-digital End-to-end, using
existing switches and wiring (for the most
part):
 Upgraded So That The Basic "Call" Is A 64 Kbps End-to-end
Channel.

 The ISDN is a set of international standards for access to

advanced, All-digital -PTNs.
 The Key Elements Of ISDN Are:
 Integrated Services:
 Voice
 Video - Image
 Data
 Mixed media at a number of standard data rates.

 Digital:
 Digital terminal equipment –
 Digital local loops –
 Digital trunks –
 Digital switching –
 Digital signalling

 Network:
 Worldwide,
 Interoperating Communications Fabric Under Distributed Control Using
Common Standards.
ISDN BACKGROUND

 Before ISDN was introduced, dedicated

networks were required to provide services of
different nature, e.g.
 POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service)
 Analogue Service,
 Packet Service,
 Telex Service,
 Data Service, Etc.
Different networks were required because
of the very different Tx
X’tics.

Dedicated and isolated network

requirements lead to a number of
drawbacks:
High Costs,
Low Efficiency, &
Inconveniences.
HOW ISDN WORKS

ISDN carries V&D on Bearer (B) channels

which transmit at 64 Kbps each.

Data (D) Channel (Delta Channel) operates at 16

or 64 Kbps and provides signaling to:
 Construct & Tear Down A Connection,
 Request Network Services, &
 Route Data Over The B Channels.
The D channel - used to transmit
user packet or frame data at
times when bandwidth on the
D channel is not required for signaling
and control.

Utilizing the D channel in this way

provides the most efficient use of ISDN.
ISDN Has Three Different Services:

1) Basic Rate Interface (BRI),

2) Primary Rate Interface (PRI), And

3) Broadband (B-ISDN).
BRI is the most common service for
residential customers.

BRI services provide two B channels and

one D channel (2B+D).

PRI services are implemented differently in

North America & Japan than in Europe
where they are the most common services.
 European PRI services deliver 30 B channels & one
D channel (30B+D).

 North American and Japanese PRI services consist

of 23 B channels and one D channel (23B+D).

 B-ISDN will support up to 622 Mbps Tx rates over a

fiber optic network.

 One Major Advantage Of The ISDN Architecture Is Its Dynamic

Bandwidth Allocation Feature – A.K.A:
 Bandwidth-on-demand,
 Inverse Multiplexing, &
 Channel Aggregation.
 Access to ISDN

 Two types of ISDN Access have been specified:

Narrowband-ISDN (N-ISDN)
Broadband-ISDN (B-ISDN).

 The main difference between N-ISDN and B-ISDN is

Tx Capacity
Transfer Mode.

 N-ISDN can serve with a capacity of up to 2Mbps,

 B-ISDN specifications are for:

 150Mbps &
 600Mbps.

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Benefits of ISDN
ISDN affords many benefits to service
providers and customers:

• Simultaneous audio, video, and data services over a single

pair of copper wires reduce infrastructure and maintenance
costs for service provisioning
• ISDN is compatible with other WAN services like:
X.25,
Frame Relay,
Switched Multi-megabit Data Services (SMDS) &
higher speed services like:
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM).

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 In the context of ISDN standards,

Standard Devices Refer Not To Actual

Hardware,

 But To Standard Collections Of Functions

That Can Usually Be Performed By
Individual Hardware Units.
Sample of ISDN Configuration Illustrating
Relationships B/n Devices & Reference Points
ISDN Access Reference Model

 ET - Exchange Terminal
 TA - Terminal Adaptor
 LT - Line Terminal
 TE1 - ISDN Terminal
 NT1 - Network Termination 1
 TE2 - Non-ISDN Terminal
 NT2 - Network Termination 2
 R,S,T,U,V Reference points
ISDN Reference Points Include The Following:

• R—The reference point b/n non-ISDN

equipment & a TA.
S—The reference point b/n user terminals & the NT2.

T—The reference point b/n NT1 & NT2 devices.

U—The reference point b/n NT1 devices and line-termination

equipment in the carrier network.

Note: The U reference point is relevant only in North America,

where the NT1 function is not provided by the carrier
network.
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 Sample ISDN Configuration Illustrates
Relationships Between Devices & Ref Points
The NT1, LT and ET is provided by
Telecom Operators as an inherent
part of the ISDN service.

The TA may also be provided with some

service offerings.

The interface is functionally organized into

the first three layers of the ISO Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) 7-layer
model.
Advantages of ISDN

a) Speed
• Modems have maximum speeds of 56 kb/s,
but are limited by the quality of the
analogue connection and routinely go about
45-50 kb/s.

• Some phone lines do not support 56 kb/s

connections at all.

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b) Multiple Devices

• Previously, it was necessary to have a

separate phone line for each device we
wished to use simultaneously.

• E.g., one line each was required for a telephone,

fax, computer, bridge / router, and live video
conference system.

• Today only one fixed line carries these services

in one conductor.
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ISDN STANDARDS

The OSI model was adopted to develop a

suite of ISDN related standards.

The standards also ensure interoperability

and compatibility between equipment in a
multi-vendor environment.
The OSI-ISDN Standard Model
The Layer 1 defines the ITU-T I.430 and
ITU-T I.431 - User-network interfaces at
S- and T-reference points for BRI &
PRI Interfaces respectively.

The other two upper layers, Layer 2 and

Layer 3, are defined to enable signalling to be
accomplished independently of the type of user-
network interface involved.

The characteristics of Layers 2 & 3 are specified

in ITU-T Q.921 and Q.931 respectively.
ISDN Protocols

The ISDN protocols are signalling protocols that

govern the exchange of data on the D channel.

The two ISDN signalling protocols make up a

layered protocol stack, with the Link Access
Protocol for the D Channel (LAPD), providing:
 Layer 2 data-link services
 Layer 3 - Network Layer (higher-layer services).
ISDN Interfaces & Functions:

The ISDN Interfaces

The ISDN Bit Pipe Supports Multiple

Channels Interleaved By TDM
Techniques.

Several Channel Types Have Been

Standardized:
A - 4 KHz Analogue Telephone Channel

B - 64 Kbps Digital PCM Channel For Voice / Data

C - 8 Or 16 Kbps Digital Channel For Out-of-band

Signalling
D - 16 Kbps Digital Channel For Out-of-band Signalling
E - 64 Kbps Digital Channel For Internal ISDN Signalling
H - 384, 1536, Or 1920 Kbps Digital Channel / Bearer.
(a)Basic Rate Digital Pipe.
(B) Primary Rate Digital Pipe.
 Channel Types : BRI and PRI

 The BRI Has 144 Kbps Information

Carrying Capacity.

 PRI Is Designed To Accommodate Appns

Requiring More Than Two Simultaneous
Connections And/Or Data Rate In Excess Of
64 Kbps.

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• The two distinct configurations are 23B+D
structure at 1.544 Mbps and 30B+D running
at 1.920 Mbps,
 Plus Some Overhead Bits, Giving A Total
Of 2. 048 Mbps

• At Higher Transmission Rates,

 More Than One PRI Connects B/N
Equipment Are Deployed.
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ISDN UNI Structure

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 Each Of The 64 Kbps B Channels Can Handle:
 A Single PCM Voice Channel
 With 8 Bits Samples
 Made 8000 Times Per Second.

 The Separate Channel For Signalling Results In:

 A Significantly Faster Setup Time.
Primary Rate:
23B + 1D (US and Japan) or
30B + 1D (Europe).
It is intended for use at the T reference
point for businesses with a PBX.
Hybrid: 1A + 1C
FUNCTIONS OF ISDN INTERFACES
(Standard Reference Points)

The ISDN Standards Specify 4 Distinct

Interfaces In The Customer's Connection
To The Network:
 R Interface
 S Interface
 T Interface
 U Interface
The R Interface:

 The Reference Point “R” is the:

Physical & logical interface b/n a non-ISDN terminal
device & a Terminal Adapter (TA).

The S Interface:
 The Reference point “S” is the physical & logical interface
b/n a TE (or TA) & a NT.
It uses four wires
Employs a bipolar Tx technique known as:
Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI)
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The T Interface:

Reference point “T” is the physical and logical

interface b/n “NT1” & “NT2”, whenever the two NTs
are implemented as separate pieces of hardware.

The U Interface:

Reference point “U” is the physical and logical interface

between NT (or NT2) and the ISDN carrier's local Tx loop.

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 Interface Applications

 The PRI “T” channels are typically used by medium to

large enterprises with digital PBXs to provide them
 Digital access to the PSTN and to the
Digital Switched Network.

 The 23 (or 30) B-channels can be used:

 Flexibly & Reassigned When Necessary To:
 Meet Special Needs, Such As Videoconferences.

 The Primary Rate User Is Hooked Up Directly To The Telephone

Company Central Office.
ISDN Applications

a) ISDN in Business:

For business & residential users, videoconferencing is the biggest

communication advancement that ISDN has to offer.

b) ISDN in Education:

 Students reap the benefits of videoconferencing by:

Relating with other students worldwide.

 Using the video capabilities of ISDN allows students to:

See The Surroundings Of Other Countries Or Speak With
Pen-pals.

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 Security Issues Are A Prime Concern For Digital Txs.

Although Data Encryption Schemes Can Alleviate

The Problem, Other Security Issues Prevail.

 Without A Means To Monitor Encrypted Network Traffic,

 There Could Be No Detection Or

Intervention Of Illegal Activities Taking Place Over The

Public Network.

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ISDN Call Control Procedure

There are three phases in a basic call

control procedure in ISDN:

• Call Set Up;

• User Data Transfer;

• Call Clear-down.

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 ISDN USER-NETWORK INTERFACE
CONFIGURATIONS

USER-NETWORK INTERFACE (UNI)

 ISDN Services Are Offered By The

Network To A User:
Via An Interface That Provides Either Basic Access,
• Consisting Of One 16 Kbit/S D-channel & Up To Two 64
Kbit/S B-channels,
Or Primary Rate Access,
• Consisting Of One 64 Kbit/S D-channel & Up To 30 B-
channels + 64 Kbit/s D Channel
Basic Rate Interface Structure

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Primary Rate B-Channel Interface
Structure

This Illustrates The Use Of E1 Primary Rate

Connecting A PBX To The Central Office.

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ISDN NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

ISDN provides complete digital capabilities.

An ISDN user can access the following services

using an ISDN Terminal Equipment (TE):

Packet-switched data
Circuit-switched data
Circuit-switched voice
User-to-user signalling
 ISDN Configurations

Multiple Line Services

 ISDN Services Can Be Supplied In Three
Different Configurations From The ISDN-ready
Digital Switch To A Business Or Residence.
 The Alternatives Are:
1. Through A Direct BRI Connection From An
ISDN Switch.
 One Or More BRI Connections Are Made From The
Exch To A Business Or Home.
2. Through ISDN Centrex Service

One Or More BRI Connections Are Made

To ISDN Centrex Service Which Offers
The Advantage Of Having The ISDN Switch
Function As The Switching System.

3.Through A Primary Connection

23/30 B Channels & One D Channel Is

Connected To A Business Through A Pbx.
ISDN PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE

Protocols & Frame Structure

Protocols in ISDN are based on the ISDN-PRM
(ISDN-Protocol Reference Model), following the
principles of the ISO/OSI-RM

The ISDN-PRM consists of two different planes:

 User Plane
 Control Plane.
ISDN Address Field

The ISDN Address Field is composed of Terminal

End-point Identifier (TEI) and Service Access
Point Identifier (SAPI).

 The TEI identifies the user device.

Assigned Automatically Or
In A Fixed Manner, By The Switch.
6.10 ISDN LAYERS
ISDN Layers are derived from the
following listed International Networking
7 OSI Model.

These are: Physical Layer; Data Layer; Network

Layer; Transport Layer Section LAYER;
Presentation Layer; Application Layer.

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ISDN Layers

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Basic Function of LAPD Protocol
• LAPD is used to convey messages over common
D channel.

• The LAPD and higher layer protocols handle the hands

commands and responses, signalling, and control for all
of the voice and data calls that are setup through the
ISDN D channel.

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ISDN SERVICES
 ISDN Services are the Telecommunications
Services to which the user has access either at
an ISDN interface or a terminal connected to the ISDN.

 Two Different Groups Of Services Are Supported By

ISDN As Summarized Below.

Bearer Services &

Teleservices.
ISDN Bearer Services
 With ISDN bearer services it is possible to transfer data b/n
subscribers.

 The network is acting in this case as a bit pipe.

 The Bearer Service is divided into:

 Circuit Switched (CS) connections

 Packet Switching (PS),
 Connection Orientated (CO)
 Connection-Less (CL) Modes.
ISDN Teleservices for BRI
Telephony:
• This Service Enables Subscribers To Make Phone
Calls Using The ISDN.
• Improvement To The (Partially) Analogue
Telephone- System.

It Offers:
- A Better S/N Ratio & The Attenuation Is Unaffected By
Distance.
- A Greater Voice Bandwidth, E.g. 7khz & Stereo Sound
For Audio Conferencing Services.
Mixed Service
• This Allows A Combination Of The Teletex &
Telefax Service For The Transmission Of One
Document.

• Possible To Send A Letter Where The Text Is Sent

Character Coded And A Picture And/Or Signature Is
Sent Pixel Coded.

• Step In The Direction Of A Multimedia (Consisting Of

Text, Fax, Still Images With High Resolution, Graphics
And Voice) Document Tx Service In ISDN Transmitted
Over The Bri Interface.

• Video Information Is Provided With B-ISDN.

Videophony
• Used To Transmit Moving Pictures From
Person To Person Or Person To Group.

• Low Tx rate (64kbps or 2x64kbps)

• Quality of the video frames are inferior to

TV frames (480x240 Pixel).
Alarm Services
• It Is Possible To Make Emergency
Calls Over ISDN,
• Even If The Power Supply On The
User Side Breaks Down & The B-
channels Can Not Be Used Any More.

• Emergency Calls Are Made Over The

D-channel.
Messaging
• This Service Provides A Mailbox Function
For The Users.

• Text &Voice Mail Can Be Deposited In The

Mailbox,
• If The User Is Not Available Or Both Of His B-
channels Are Busy.
• The Recipient Is Sent A Message From His
Mailbox Over The D-channel.

• The Notification Is Received:

Videotex

• A Retrieval Service Which Enables The

Subscriber To View Text & Graphics Based
Images / Info.

Other ISDN Services:

- Telewriting; For Placing Short Messages;
• Written With An Electronic Pen On Note Pad In A
Mailbox.

- Teleaction ; Used For Controlling Installations:

 Supplementary Services

 These Are Services That Add Value To Existing

ISDN Services
 Value Added Services (VAS)

These include:
 Calling line Identification (CLI);
 Call Waiting & Forwarding;
 Sub-addressing
 Advice of Charge;
 Multiple Subscriber Numbering; Etc.
ISDN SIGNALING SYSTEM

 There are three different types of

ISDN Signaling.

These are:
a)User Network Signaling,
b) Intra-network Signaling, &
c)User-to-user Signaling.
LOW BANDWIDTH V HIGH BANDWIDTH

 Bandwidth - A Measure Of Infor-

carrying Capacity Of A Particular Form Of
Tx’ssion Medium
 It Is Usually Denoted In Bits Per Second (Bit/S)

 Low Bw - Services With Low Inform Content –

 E.g., Basic Voice Telephony –Narrowband;

 High Bw - Services With A Grate Deal Of Infor

Content –
 Such As Mid-band Video
 Broadband. HDTV
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 To Download Large Volumes Of Data At
High Speed In a Low Band Service
(Lower Rate Date,

 We Might Need Mid-band Transmission

 The Tendency Is To Provide More Bandwidth

 The Challenge Is How Nwk Operators
Can Do This In A Cost-effective Manner

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 THE END OF
CHAPTER FOUR
 .

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