COMPUTER ORGANISATION

(TỔ CHỨC MÁY TÍNH)

Computer Organisation
© IT - TDT Computer Organisation 2

Acknowledgement
• The contents of these slides have origin from School of
Computing, National University of Singapore.
• We greatly appreciate support from Mr. Aaron Tan Tuck
Choy for kindly sharing these materials.
© IT - TDT Computer Organisation 3

Policies for students

• These contents are only used for students PERSONALLY.
• Students are NOT allowed to modify or deliver these
contents to anywhere or anyone for any purpose.
CS2100 Computer Organisation

Overview
• The Big Picture
• Brief History of Computer
• Current Trend

• The Course (2nd Part)

• Von Neumann Architecture
• Instruction Set Architecture
• Compilation Flow
• Instruction Execution Flow

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CS2100 Computer Organisation

The Brief History of Computers

Year Name Speed Remarks
1946 ENIAC ~1900 addition/sec First electronic
computer
1951 UNIVAC ~2000 addition/sec First commercial
computer
1964 IBM 360 500k ops/sec Best known mainframe
1965 PDP-8 330k ops/sec First minicomputer
1971 Intel 4004 100k ops/sec First microprocessor
1977 Apple II 200k ops/sec "First" PC
1981 IBM PC (Intel 8088 240k ops/sec Dominated market
+ MS-DOS) since then
2003 Intel Pentium 4 6G flops "Last" Unicore
2011 Intel Core i7 ~120G flops Representative
multicores

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The Brief History: Supercomputer

35,000.0 33,826.7

30,000.0

25,000.0
Nov, 2008 Road-Runner (US)
17,590.0 Nov, 2009 Jaguar (US)
20,000.0
Nov, 2010 TianHe (China)
Nov, 2011 K-Computer (Japan)
15,000.0 Nov, 2012 Titan (US)
10,510.0 Nov, 2013 TianHe-2 (China)
10,000.0

2,566.0
5,000.0 1,105.01,759.0

0.0
Linpack Performance ( teraflops )
CS2100 Computer Organisation

The Brief History: Embedded

• Everywhere
• Smart-phone
• Game consoles
• DVD / Blue-Ray player
• Car, Fridge, Washing Machine……… etc etc

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CS2100 Computer Organisation

Summary: From a few to manyn

Transistor is the building block of CPU since 1960s

1970 - 1980 1980 - 1990 1990 - 2000 2000 - 2011

2K – 100K 100K – 1M 1M – 100M 100M – 2.2B

Current World Population = 7 billion

about the number of transistors in 3 CPU chips!

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CS2100 Computer Organisation

Summary: From BIG to small

Process size = Minimum length of a transistor

80286
Pentium Pentium 4 Core i7
1982
1993 2000 2010
1.5 µm
0.80 µm 0.180 µm 0.045 µm
- 0.25 µm - 0.065 µm - 0.032 µm

Wave length of visible light = 350nm (violet) to 780nm (red)

Process size now smaller than wavelength of violet light!

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CS2100 Computer Organisation

Summary: From S-L-O-W to fast

FLOPS = FLoating-point Operation Per Second

80286
Pentium Core i7
1982 Pentium 4
1993 2011
1.8 MIPS* 2000
200 MFLOPS# 120 GFLOPS #
4 GFLOPS #

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CS2100 Computer Organisation

Summary: The Age of Computer

• Unprecedented progress since late 1940s

• Performance doubling ~2 years (1971-2005):

• Total of 36,000X improvement!
• If transportation industry matched this improvement, we could have
travelled from Singapore to Shanghai, China in about a second for
roughly a few cents!

• Incredible amount of innovations to revolutionize the

computing industry again and again

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CS2100 Computer Organisation

Moore’s Law
• Intel co-founder Gordon Moore "predicted" in 1965 that
Transistor density will double every 18 months

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CS2100 Computer Organisation

PROCESSOR PERFORMANCE
INCREASE

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The Three Walls

• Three major reasons for the unsustainable growth in
uniprocessor performance

1. The Memory Wall:

• Increasing gap between CPU and Main memory speed
2. The ILP Wall:
• Decreasing amount of "work" (instruction level parallelism) for
processor
3. The Power Wall:
• Increasing power consumption of processor

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CS2100 Computer Organisation

The Power Wall

• We can now cramp more transistor into a chip than the
ability (power) to turn them on!

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CS2100 Computer Organisation

Breakfast Anyone?
• Hot enough to cook an egg!

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CS2100 Computer Organisation

Current State of Computer

• Multicore is the future
• All PC chip manufacturers have abandoned unicore development
• Expect to have more cores in a single chip
Parallel programming is more important than ever (CS3210,
CS3211)
• Great opportunity for computing professional
• New programming model is required
• Parallelising existing software
• Innovative ways to tap into the computing power

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CS2100 Computer Organisation

2 ND
PART OF C.O
So, what do we get to learn?

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CS2100 Computer Organisation

Computer Organization vs Architecture

• Computer Organization:
• Electronic Engineer's view of a computer system
• Computer Architecture:
• Assembly Programmers' view of a computer system
• High level abstract view

• This course aims to:

• Give an in-depth understanding of the inner working of a computer
system
• Concentrate on conceptual understanding rather than hardware
implementation

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CS2100 Computer Organisation

Von Neumann Architecture

• Proposed by John Von Neumann et al, 1945
• Major components of a computer system:
Bus

Memory Devices
Processo
Control
r Input
Data Path Cache
Output
Registers

• Stored-Memory Concept:
• Data and program are stored in memory

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CS2100 Computer Organisation

Components of Computer
Datapath: •Reads data from memory, processes it, writes it back to memory

Control:
•Sends signals that determines the operation of datapath, memory,
I/O

Register: •Fast intermediate storage for values and control information

Memory: • stores program and data

Input: • feeds data (keyboard, mouse)

Output: • processing result to user (display)

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Example: Inside Your Laptop

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CS2100 Computer Organisation

How do we “control” the hardware?

• You write programs in high level
programming languages, e.g., C/C+
+, Java:
A + B

• Compiler translates this into

assembly language statement:

add A, B

• Assembler translates this statement

into machine language instructions
that the processor can execute:
1000 1100 1010 0000

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CS2100 Computer Organisation

ISA – Interface between HW & SW

Applications
Programming
Languages,
Software

Operating System Compilers,

Operating Systems,
Software Engineering
Compiler Firmware
Instruction Set Architecture
Processor Memory Organization I/O System PART 2
Hardware

Datapath & Control

Digital Design PART 1
Circuit Design Electronic
Layout Engineering

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CS2100 Computer Organisation

Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)

• Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
• A subpart of computer architecture that is related to
programming, as seen by the programmer and compiler

• ISA exposes the capabilities of the underlying

processor as a set of well defined instructions
• Serves as the interface between hardware and software

• Serves as an abstraction which allow freedom in hardware

implementations

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CS2100 Computer Organisation

Instruction Set Architecture - Examples

x86-32 (IA32) MIPS ARM

Intel 80486, Pentium

Generations of chips:
(2,3, 4), Core i3, i5, R2000, R3000, ARMv1, v2, …., v7
i7
…, R10000
AMD K5, K6, Athlon, StrongARM, ARM
Duron, Sempron Cortex
Widely used in
Comp. Org/Arch Most popular
Dominates the courses as embedded system
PC market RISC example chip

• Observe that each ISA has a family of chips i.e. multiple

hardware implementations

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CS2100 Computer Organisation

The Life of a program

Program in Link multiple
High-level language machine-language programs
(C, Pascal, etc) to one program

Compile program Load program into

into assembly language computer’s memory

Assemble program
Execute program
to machine language

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CS2100 Computer Organisation

Code Execution
• Instruction Execution Cycle in the Processor:

Fetch: •Fetch next instruction from memory into processor

Decode: •Decode the instruction

•Get operands

Execute: •Execute instruction

•Store the execution result

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CS2100 Computer Organisation

Road Map for 2nd Part

•Topic
Processor Performance (10) Lecture Set(s)
Processor Performance
• Assembly language (11, 12, 13)
10
MIPS Assembly Language 11, 12, 13
• The Processor:
The processor:
• Datapath (14)
- • Datapath
Control (15) 14
- Control 15
• Pipelining (16)
Pipelining 16
Memory hierarchy:
•Memory : Cache 17, 18
• Cache (17, 18)
Input / Output 19*
• Input/Output (19)

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CS2100 Computer Organisation

Reading Assignment
• Computer Abstractions and Technology
• Read up COD sections 1.1 – 1.3.

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Q&A