OPENING PRAYER:

Come Holy Spirit, fill the hearts of your faithful

and enkindle in them the fire of Your love. Send
forth Your Spirit and they shall be created. And
You shall renew the face of the earth.
O, God, who by the light of the Holy Spirit, did
instruct the hearts of the faithful, grant that by the
same Holy Spirit we may be truly wise and ever
enjoy His consolations, Through Christ Our Lord,
Amen.
REALITY
& TRUTH
 RECAP ON METHODS OF
PHILOSOPHIZING

FACTS
a specific OPINION
detail that can is a feeling, judgment,
be proven as belief, or conclusion
true based on that cannot be proven
OBJECTIVE true by objective
evidence. evidence.(SUBJECTIVE)

OBJECTIVE proof can be one or more of the following: physical

evidence, an eyewitness account, or the result of an accepted
scientific method.
Belief, Truth, & Knowledge
The Challenge of Skepticism
What do you see?
Which centre circle is bigger?
 Optical Illusions
• We all see things differently - especially
morality
• Senses can deceive us and lead us astray
• Conscience is formed and developed based
on our beliefs.
• Why do we have beliefs? What are they?
• How do you know that you are here and not
dreaming?
 Beliefs
• Beliefs are your map of reality - they are the lenses through
which you perceive the world.
• your beliefs are the most important part about you
• beliefs have started wars, bridged communities, ended
slavery, and so forth
• Beliefs + Desires = Actions
• Problem: there is such thing as False Belief
• we want our beliefs to be true - connects us to reality
• Philosophers have encouraged us to therefore examine our
beliefs
 Knowledge
• Knowledge is an attainment concept
• Ex: In basketball we shoot in order to score. Shooting is the
activity; Scoring is the attainment intended
• In life, we believe in order to know. Believing is the
activity; Knowledge the intended attainment
• Knowledge = Properly Justified True Belief
• You cannot know something unless you truly believe it.
• Belief alone isn’t sufficient for knowledge - you can’t
believe something that is false either.
magic.mp4
 1.
ON REALITY
 “
Everything you can imagine is real.

-Pablo Picasso
MEANING OF REALITY
●The World or State of Things as
they actualy Exist
●\The State of Having Existence

Meaning, Reality can be

Defined as the Totality of
all Things. Opposed to that
which is merely IMAGINARY.
 REALISM
IS THE VIEW THAT OBJECT EXIST IN REALITY
INDEPENDENTLY OF OUR CONCEPTUAL SCHEME (ONTOLOGICAL)
 MORAL

DO NOT
DEPEND ON
OTHERS!
 KINDS/THEORY OF REALITY

●What do we Ex. “I know that

mean when ________ is
we say we using cellphone
“know” during the
class.”
something?
If P is any proposition, what requirements must we meet to claim
P?

a) We must believe that P is the case

(knowledge implies belief, but belief
does not imply knowledge-assumption
b) We have evidence for justification or
warrantability (sufficient reason for
belief … how much is enough?)
c) Knowledge requires truth!
Knowledge is warrented, true belief. To understand knowledge,
we must understand warrantability and truth.
 CONTEXT

S. TRUTH REALITY O. TRUTH

 HOW WE
WOULD BE
ABLE TO
COME UP
INTO A
CERTAIN
TRUTH?
 MODES OF WARRANTABILITY

Logical warrantability – laws of logic

Semantic warrantability – analyzing the meaning of
words
Systemic warrantability – derive warranty from
logical interdependence of
all propositions in a
deductive system
 MODES OF WARRANTABILITY
Empirical warrantability – confirmatory relation to
specific qualities of first
person experience,
sometimes conformation
needed outside self
->Warrantability does not imply truth
->Warrantability = justification and evidence
->Warrantability comes in degrees, truth does not
 What What
isis Truth?
Truth?
• Truth is closely
connected to
knowledge and belief
• “The contemplation
of truth and beauty is
the proper object for
which we were
created” -William
Hazlett
 THEORIES
THE CORRESPONDENCE THEORY OF TRUTH - Truth
is an agreement between a proposition and
a fact. Bertrand Russell states that there
is a realm of facts that exists
independent of us (e.g. MANILA is the
capital of PHILIPPINES) … “the truth” of a
belief depends on whether the belief
corresponds to the independent fact.
 THE COHERENCE THEORY OF TRUTH - A
statement is true if it is consistent with other
statements that we regard as true. Brand Blanchard
(1892-1989) said that “an agreement between
judgments is best described not as a correspondence
but as a coherence.”
 THE PRAGMATIC THEORY OF TRUTH -
There is no absolute truth … truth is dynamic
changing, subjective and relative. A statement
is true if people can use it to get the results
that they need.
THE INSTRUMENTALIST THEORY OF TRUTH
- Related to the Pragmatic Theory of Truth. Scientific
Theories are true if they enable us to accurately predict
what will happen ...they work! No one believed that
Copernicus’ theory was an accurate description of the
solar system but it explained the motion of the celestial
spheres.
CONT…

The Instrumentalist View – A

doctrine that ideas are instruments
of action and that their usefulness
determines their truth.
 THE REALIST VIEW - Related to the
Correspondence Theory of Truth Scientific
theories are true or false in so far as they
describe what really exists. The goal of
science is to explain the world as it really is.
The scientist “discovers” the scientific truth.
 THE CONCEPTUAL RELATIVIST VIEW -
Related to the Coherence Theory of Truth and the
work of Thomas Kuhn. A true scientific theory
coheres with the conceptual framework accepted by
a community of scientists. Our theories about
reality influence what we think we are seeing when
we observe reality ….we cannot independently
know the real world.
 2.
ON TRUTH
Truth - A fact that has been
verified or Conformity to
reality or actuality
 “
● IT IS A GOOD THING TO
PROCEED IN ORDER AND TO
ESTABLISH PROPOSITIONS. THIS
IS THE WAY TO GAIN GROUND
AND TO PROGRESS WITH
CERTAINTY.
-LEIBNIZ
LOVE IS
BLIND
 “
● A DISTINCTION MUST BE MADE
BETWEEN TRUE AND FALSE IDEAS,
BECAUSE BEING ABLE TO KNOW THOSE
THINGS, IT WILL DISTINGUISH US FROM
MERE ANIMALS OR IRRATIONAL BEINGS.
-kramyaj
 👍
Thanks!
Any questions?
 ASSIGNMENT
Identify two (2) economic, political,
or socio-cultural situations. Write
two (2) statements of truth about each
situation. Then, identify what theory
of truth is used.
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