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Complex Number1

This document defines complex numbers and presents their key properties and applications. It defines a complex number as an ordered pair of real numbers (a,b) where a is the real part and b is the imaginary part. Complex numbers can be represented graphically on a plane and algebraically in polar or rectangular form. Some applications of complex numbers include using them to express trigonometric functions and solve polynomial equations. The document also provides examples of calculating with complex numbers and solving problems involving them.

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166 views

Complex Number1

This document defines complex numbers and presents their key properties and applications. It defines a complex number as an ordered pair of real numbers (a,b) where a is the real part and b is the imaginary part. Complex numbers can be represented graphically on a plane and algebraically in polar or rectangular form. Some applications of complex numbers include using them to express trigonometric functions and solve polynomial equations. The document also provides examples of calculating with complex numbers and solving problems involving them.

Uploaded by

api-3743358
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Definition

Complex Number

Applications
Calculation And
Problems
Contents
 Definition of Complex Number is presented by Mr Minh
Ngoc Le

 Calculation of Complex Number is presented by Mr Hoai


Nam Tran

 Applications of Complex Number is presented by Mr Anh


Tuan Nguyen

 Problems of Complex Number is Presented by Ms Hoai


Thuong Phan
Contents
 Definition:
Where was ‘i’ hiding?
Definition of Complex Number
Venn Graph for all Numbers
Graphical Presentation
 Calculation:
Some basic method
Complex Conjugate
Polar Form
Another basic method from Polar Form
 Applications of Complex Number
Express cos nα or sin nα by using complex number
Express cos^n α or sin^n α by using Complex number
 Problems of Complex Number
The complex numbers
To make many of the rules of mathematics
apply universally we need to enlarge our
number field.
We desire that every integer has an inverse
element, we accept the existence of rational
numbers.

If we desire every polynomial equation to


have root(s) equal in number to its highest
variable power, we must extend the real
number field R to a larger field C of complex
numbers.
Where was ‘i’ hiding?
You may remember being told that you can't take the
square root of a negative number. That's because you
had no numbers that, when squared, were negative.
Squaring a negative number always gives you a positive.
So you couldn't very well square-root a negative and
expect to come up with anything sensible.
Now, however, you can take the square root of a
negative number, but it involves using a new number to
do it. At one time, nobody believed that any "real world"
use would be found for this new number, other than
easing the computations involved in solving certain
equations, so the new number was viewed as being a
‘pretend number’ invented for convenience sake.
A complex number
A complex number is an ordered pair of real
numbers (a,b).
We call ‘a’ the real part and ‘b’ the imaginary
part of the complex number. We write that
new number as a + bi. The '+' is used to
indicate the sign of the imaginary number part.
The real number part represented by ‘a’ which
can be either positive or negative.
Examples :
2 - 4i
-3 + 5i
-5 + 3/4i

These are examples of numbers that we say are strictly


complex.
VENN DIAGRAM
Representation
 Since all number belong to the
Complex number field, C, all number
can be classified as complex. The Real
number field, R, and the imaginary
numbers, i, are subsets of this field as
illustrated below.
Complex Numbers
a + bi
Real Numbers Imaginary Numbers
a + 0i 0 + bi
Graphical representation of a complex
number
A complex number has a
representation in a plane. Simply
take the x-axis as the real numbers
and an y-axis as the imaginary
numbers. Thus, giving the complex
number a + bi the representation as
point P with coordinates (a,b).
Graphing a Complex Number
 Therefore,complex numbers can be
represented by a two dimensional graph.
 Here we see the graph of the complex
number 3 – 2i.
1.Addition and Multiplied method
Example
Subtracted and divided method
Example
Complex Conjugate
Example
Polar Formula
Another form of basic method
Applications to trigonometric indentities
example
*****
“An example is always better
than thousands explanations”
Albert Einstein
example
Prove that:
The two square roots of a+bi are (x +yi) and -(x +yi)
with
y = sqrt((r - a)/2) and x = b/(2.y)
 Solution
 We are looking for all real numbers x and y so that

 (x + iy)(x + iy) = a + ib (1)


 <=> x² - y² + 2xyi = a + bi (2)
 <=> x² - y² = a and 2xy = b (3)
 Because b is not 0, y is not 0 and so
 <=> x²- y²= a and x = b/(2y)
 <=> b²/(4y²) - y² = a and x = b/(2y) (4)
 The first equation of (4) gives us y and the second gives the
corresponding x-value.
 Let t = y² in the first equation of (4) then
 4t² + 4at - b²= 0 (5)
 Let r = modulus of a + bi
 The discriminant = 16(a ²+ b²) = 16r²
 We note the roots as t1 and t2.
 <=> t1 = (- a + r)/2 and t2 = (- a - r)/2 (6)
 Since y is real and r > a, t1 > 0 and gives us values of y.
Since the product of the roots of (5) is (-b²/4) < 0 , t2 is strictly
negative.
 So we find two values of y.
 We note these values y1 and y2.
y1 = sqrt((r - a)/2) and y2 = -sqrt((r - a)/2) (7)
 The corresponding x values are
x1 = b/(2.y1) and x2 = b/(2.y2) (8)
 Note that the two solutions are opposite complex numbers.
solve z² = -4i

 Solution
 Let x+iy a square root of -4i.

 The modulus of -i is r = 4

 y = sqrt((r - a)/2) = sqrt(2)


x = b/(2.y) = (-4)/(2.sqrt(2)) = -sqrt(2)

 The two solutions are


-sqrt(2)+isqrt(2)
+sqrt(2)-isqrt(2)
Solve ax²+bx+c=0 with a,b,c€R, a<>0 and
b²-4ac < 0.

 Solution
 Discriminant= b²-4ac=i²(4ac-b²)
 The roots are:
 x1= (-b+isqrt(4ac-b²))/(2a)
 x2= (-b-isqrt(4ac-b²))/(2a)
Find the polar representation of (i-sqrt(3))

 Solution
 The modulus of (i-sqrt(3)) is 2.
 (i-sqrt(3)) = 2.( -sqrt(3)/2 + (1/2)i )
 Say, the argument is alpha.
 cos(alpha) = -sqrt(3)/2
 sin(alpha) = (1/2)
 Choose alpha = 5 pi/6
 (i-sqrt(3)) = 2.(cos(5.pi/6) + i sin(5.pi/6))
Calculate ( cos(2)+ i sin(2) + 1)ⁿ

 Solution
 Appealing on trigonometric formulas we have
 (1 + cos(2)) = 2 cos² (1)
 sin(2)=2.sin(1).cos(1)
 (1 + cos(2)+ isin(2)) = 2 cos² (1) + i.2.sin(1).cos(1)
 = 2.cos(1) (cos(1) + i sin(1))
 (1 + cos(2)+ isin(2))ⁿ = 2ⁿ .cosⁿ (1) .(cos(n) + i sin(n))
Given: n is a positive integer. z is a complex
number with modulus 1, such that z²ⁿ is not -1.
Show that zⁿ/(1+z²ⁿ) is a real number
 Solution
 Since z is a complex number with modulus 1, we can write
 z = (cos(t) + i sin(t))
 zⁿ= (cos(n t) + i sin(n t))
 1 + z²ⁿ = 1 + cos(2n t) + i sin(2n t)
 = 2 cos²(nt) + 2 i sin(n t) cos(n t)
 = 2 cos(nt). (cos(nt) + i sin(nt))
 zⁿ/(1+z²ⁿ)=1/(2 cos(nt)) and this is real.
Presented by:Hoai Nam Tran (Alex)
Minh Ngoc Le (Daniel)
Anh Tuan Nguyen (Tom)
Hoai Thuong Phan (Alice)

Coppy right by Alex from wikipedia.com

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