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Physics Basics for Students

The document discusses forces and motion, describing how forces act on objects to cause them to move or remain stationary. It explains how balanced and unbalanced forces affect the speed and direction of objects. Graphs are used to describe distance over time, and key concepts around turning forces, pressure, and the movement of particles in gases and liquids are covered. Forces, pressure, and the diffusion of particles are explained in the context of various examples.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
99 views28 pages

Physics Basics for Students

The document discusses forces and motion, describing how forces act on objects to cause them to move or remain stationary. It explains how balanced and unbalanced forces affect the speed and direction of objects. Graphs are used to describe distance over time, and key concepts around turning forces, pressure, and the movement of particles in gases and liquids are covered. Forces, pressure, and the diffusion of particles are explained in the context of various examples.

Uploaded by

wallacec1017
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 3

Forces and Energy


3.1 Forces and motion
• There is always a force acting on everything on the earth even the rock. The
force is force of gravity.
• Why the rock doesn’t move toward the center of the earth is because the
ground is pushing up on the rock. The force is contact force.
• In short, these two forces are balanced.
• There could be more than two forces acting on the rock.
• For example, the wind is blowing, the wind will push the rock from one side.
However, it doesn’t move sideways. The is because the force is balanced by the
friction between the rock and the ground.
• Therefore, we have four different forces acting on the rock now.
• But the rock is still not moving which means it is balanced for now.
3.1 Forces and motion
• Imagine, if a large vehicle is pushing the rock, the force will be larger
than the frictional force which caused the rock to roll sideways.
However, it will not move up or down because the forces acting up
and down are still balanced.
3.1 Forces and motion
• Slowing Down
• Unbalanced or unequal forces can also make moving objects slow
down.
• For example , the parachute makes a falling object slow down.
• When the parachute first opens the forces are unbalanced. This
unbalanced force makes the object slow down.
• As the object slow down, the air resistance decreases, so the forces
become balanced again. Then the object falls at a constant speed.
3.1 Forces and motion
• Changing direction
• A tennis ball can change direction when it hit by the racket due to the
unbalanced force exerted onto the tennis ball.
3.2 Speed
• Unit of speed (Standard unit for speed is Meters per second m/s)

• Calculating speed
Speed= Total distance travelled
Total time

The highest possible speed is the speed of light which is


1000000000 km/h
• An aeroplane travels 2500 km in a time of 5 hours ,what is the speed
of the aeroplane in km/h?
3.3 Describing movement
• Distance/time graphs
• The reason why we use graph to describe movement is because:
-it is easier to see trends and patterns
-you can read any value of distance or time during the journey from the
graph
-Other values, such as speed, can be calculated from the graph.
-information about the whole journey can be seen easily.
3.3 Describing movement

• Red line
-At the starting position the car has travels at a constant speed. The
distance increases over time. Which showed a straight and upward
sloping line.

• Blue line
-The car stops at 11:00am which is stationary. It travelled 0 distance
with a speed of 0km/h. The line is straight horizontal line.
3.3 Describing movement
• Green line
-The car starts again and moves at a constant speed to its destination. It
moves faster than when it travelled in red line. That means it travels a
greater distance each second. Therefore, the line is steeper, straight,
upward sloping line.

• Purple line
-The car travels at a constant speed back to the starting position which
is the starting point of red line. The distance of the car from the start
decreases with time. The line is straight downward sloping line.
3.3 Describing movement
• If you are sketching a distance time graph, you do not have to put
numbers on your graph axes.
3.4 Turning forces
• The objects that turns is called a lever.
• The point around which the lever turns is called the pivot
3.4 Turning forces
• Calculating moments
• The moments of a force describes it’s the turning effect of a force.
• The moments of a force depends on
-The size of the force (Bigger force, bigger moment)
-The distance between the position where the force acts and the
pivot(the Greater the distance, the greater the moment)

Moment= Force X Distance


3.5 Pressure between solids.
• Remember the equation

Pressure= Force
Area
The unit of force is newton and the unit of area is meter squared.
That makes the unit of pressure is N/m2

Therefore, the bigger the force the higher the pressure is.
The bigger the area is the lower the pressure is.
• A hammer is used to push a nail into wood
• The area of the point at the end of the nail is 1.5mm2
• The pressure needed for the nail to go into the wood is 50N/mm2
• Calculate the force needed from the hammer.

• 75N
3.6 Pressure in liquids and gases
• The pressure in a liquid increases with depth.
• This is because as you go deeper in a liquid, there is more liquid above
you. The weight of this liquid caused by gravity pushes on the
particles of the liquid.
• When the particles of the liquid are pushed, the force on the particles
increases.
3.6 Pressure in liquids and gases
• Pressure in gases.
• As you blow air into the balloon, you are adding more gas particles in to
the balloon.
• The particles in a gas move randomly and collide with the walls of the
balloon.
• Every time a gas particles collides with the wall of the balloon. The
particle exerts a small force on the wall.
• The more particles there are in the gas, the more collision happen with
the walls , so more force on the walls increases.
• As this force is exerted on an area , the force causes pressure.
3.6 Pressure in liquids and gases
• The pressure in a gas also increases with depth.
• Most people on Earth live at low altitude. Altitude is height above sea level.
• The Earth’s atmosphere, which we call air is made from gases, the atmosphere
extends to a height of about 400km above sea level.
• Sea level is, therefore, where the atmosphere is at its deepest. So, at sea level,
atmospheric pressure is highest.
• As you go higher in the atmosphere, two variables that affect atmospheric
pressure change
-The number of particles in 1m3 of air decreases, so the concentration of gas
particles decreases.
-The weight of air above your current position decreases.
3.6 Pressure in liquids and gases
• Effects of atmospheric pressure
• As you pull the syringe up the pressure inside
the syringe is lower than the atmospheric
pressure, which causes the water inside the
beaker get pushed into the syringe by the
atmospheric pressure.
3.6 Pressure in liquids and gases
• Pressure and temperature in gases.
• As temperature increases, the speed of the particles in the gas
increases as well.
• When particles are travelling faster, their collisions exert more force.
• This means that increasing the temperature of a gas will increase the
pressure of the gas.
3.7 Particles on the move
• Mixing GASES
• The movement of gas particles is called
diffusion.
• Diffusion means the overall random
movement of particles from an area where
they are in higher concentration to an area
where they are in lower concentration.
3.7 Particles on the move
• Mixing liquids.
• Diffusion also happens in liquids. Particles
in a liquid also move at random.

• The speed of diffusion depends on:


-The difference in concentration of the
particles and temperature.

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