INTRODUCTION
GE-CW
SUBTITLE COMES HERE
INTENDED LEARNING
OUTCOMES
Identify the competing
conceptions of globalization.
Discuss the philosophies of
the varying definition of
globalization.
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RELEVANCE OF THE
COURSE
First studying Contemporary World is a cure to Parochialism or
an outlook that is limited to one’s immediate community. A person
who is concern only with his/her family,village, or even country is
parochial .The parochial person is thus close-minded. In this
course I will share with you unfamiliar ideas and cultures that may
spark new interest and concerns. Not everything in this course will
excite you and that is fine. However, we hope that, at the end of
the semester, you would have discovered new intellectual interest,
that you will continue to pursue.
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RELEVANCE OF THE
COURSE
Second, It is more important to study the world because it can
teach you more about yourself. Knowing about other countries
allows you to know more about yourself. Know about other
countries allows you to compare your society with others. The
experiences of communities outside the Philippines may provide
solutions to many of the country’s current problems.
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RELEVANCE OF THE
COURSE
Lastly, you need to study the world because you will be
interacting with it.
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THE CONCEPT OF
GLOBALIZATION
Most Popular subject during the
60s and 70s
Various scholars introduced
several approaches in
understanding the notion of
globalization.
While Scholar motivated to
formulate a universal concept of
globalization this led to certain
divide on the lenses and suits of
studying globalization
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• In this lesson we will be using the
works of Manfred B. Steger the
leading scholar who compiled the
various works of global studies
scholars about their perception of
globalization.
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WORKING DEFINITION OF
GLOBALIZATION
• The expansion and intensification of
social relations and consciousness
across world time and across world
space.
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CONFLICTING INTERPRETATIONS OF GLOBALIZATION
1.Globalization as Globaloney
2. Globalization as Economic Process
3. Globalization as Political Process
4. Globalization as Cultural Process
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GLOBALIZATION AS GLOBALONEY
Proponents of this view contend that existing accounts of globalization are incorrect,
imprecise, or exaggerated.
Globaloney falls into three categories:
1. First group dispute the usefulness of globalization as a precise concept, this group
is called the Rejectionist;
2. Second group points the limited nature of globalizing process, according to them
the world is not fully integrated as many globalization proponents claim; these are
the Sceptics;
3.The third group critics the novelty of the globalization process while they
acknowledge the existence of moderate globalizing tendencies; they are the
Modifiers
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RESPECTIVE ARGUMENTS
Arguments Weakness points of
improvement
REJECTIONIST
Challenge the academic
1. Analytically impoverished community to provide additional
concept because of complexity examples of how the term
and ambiguity (Calhoun, 1993) globalization obscures more than it
2. Susan Strange (1996) enlightens
considers globalization as Complement the social scientific
vacuous term, suggesting it it enterprise of exploring
has been used in academic globalization as an objective
discourse to refer to ‘anything process with more interpretative
from internet to a hamburger.’ studies of the ideological project of
globalism
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RESPECTIVE ARGUMENTS
Weakness points of
Arguments
improvement
SCEPTICS
TOPIC 02
1. Limited nature of current 1. Hirst and Thompson set a
globalizing process. overly high standards in order
2. Hirst, Thompson and Bromley for the economy to be counted
(2009) asserted that the world as “fully globalized”
is not truly a global economic 2. Their efforts to construct an
phenomenon but rather abstract model of a perfectly
centered on Europe, Easter globalized economy
Asia and North America. unnecessarily polarize the
Majority of economic activity topic by pressuring the
around the world remains readers to either completely
primarily national in origin and embrace or entirely reject the
scope. concept of globalization.
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RESPECTIVE ARGUMENTS
Weakness points of
Arguments
improvement
SCEPTICS
TOPIC 02
2. Accordingly, he assigns
to culture and ideology
merely subordinate role
as ‘idea systems” on the
‘real’ movements of the
capitalist world economy.
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RESPECTIVE ARGUMENTS
Weakness points of
Arguments improvement
MODIFIERS
1. A world system approach to
1. This group disputes the novelty globalization suffers from the
of the process, implying that same weakness as the
the label organization has often Marxist economic determinist
been applied in a historically view.
imprecise manner.
2. Wallerstein (1990) leaves little
2. Robert Gilpin confirm the doubt that he considers global
existence of globalizing integration to be a process
tendencies but he also insist driven largely by economic
the many important aspects of forces whose essence can be
globalization are not novel captured by economistic
developments. models.
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GLOBALIZATION AS ECONOMIC PROCESS
The scholars under this perspective explore in much detail how the evolution
of international markets and corporation led to an intensified form of global
interdependence. Economic accounts of globalization convey the notion that
the essence of the phenomenon involves the “increasing linkage of national
economies through trade, financial flows, and foreign direct investment ... by
multinational firms” (Gilpin, 2000 as cited by Steger, 2014).
The historical narratives that trace the gradual emergence of the new post-war
world economy to the 1944 Bretton Woods system and its postwar evolution
are usually the core of studies of economic globalization (Schaeffer, 2005 as
cited by Steger, 2014).
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GLOBALIZATION AS ECONOMIC PROCESS
Added also to this model are the following: (a) the role of multinational
corporations; (b) the changing nature of the production process and the
liberalization and internationalization of financial transactions; (c) advances in
data processing and information technology that contributed to the explosive
growth of tradable financial value (international capital flow); and (d) the
formation of global labor market (highlighting the role of Transnational
Corporations (TNCs).
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GLOBALIZATION AS POLITICAL PROCESS
(1) What are the political causes for the massive flows of capital, money and technology
across territorial boundaries? And (2) Do these flows constitute a serious challenge to the
power of the nation- state? An influential group of scholars considers political
globalization as a process intrinsically connected to the expansion of markets.
“Globalization has happened because technological advances have broken down many
physical barriers to worldwide communication which used to limit how much connected
or cooperative activity of any kind could happen over long distances.”
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GLOBALIZATION AS POLITICAL PROCESS
As asserted by an even more extreme technological- determinist explanation,
politics is rendered powerless in the face of an unstoppable and irreversible
technoeconomic juggernaut that will crush all governmental attempts to
reintroduce restrictive policies and regulations. The role of government will be
ultimately reduced to serving as ‘superconductor for global capitalism’ (Bryan
& Farrell, 1996 as cited by Steger, 2014).
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GLOBALIZATION AS POLITICAL PROCESS
The second group of scholars highlight the central role of politics in unleashing
the forces of globalization. They argued for the continued relevance of
conventional political units, operating either in the form of modern nation-
states or global cities (Steger, 2014). Also, most of the proponents of this view
understand that the development of the last few decades has significantly
constrained the set of political options open to states, particularly in developing
countries. The core message of this group is loud and clear: politics is a
crucial category upon which rests a proper understanding of globalization
(Steger, 2014).
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GLOBALIZATION AS POLITICAL PROCESS
The third group of scholars suggests that globalization is motivated by a mixture of
political and technological factors. John Gray (1998) cited by Steger (2014)
mentioned that ‘globalization is a long-term technology- driven process whose
contemporary shape has been politically determined by the world most powerful
nations.’
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GLOBALIZATION AS POLITICAL PROCESS
The fourth group of scholars perceives political globalization primarily from the
notion of global governance. Scholars in this group analyze the role of various
national and multilateral responses to the fragmentation of economic and political
systems and the transnational flows permeating through national borders (Steger,
2014). There are scholars who believe that political globalization might facilitate
the emergence of democratic transnational social forces emerging from a thriving
global civil society.
Martin Shaw (2000) as mentioned by Steger (2014) emphasized ‘the role of global
political struggles in forming a ‘global revolution’ that would lead to an
internationalized, rights-based Western state conglomerate symbolically linked to
global institutions.’
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GLOBALIZATION AS CULTURAL PROCESS
John Tomlinson (1999) a sociologist, emphasized the centrality of culture to
contemporary debates on globalization. He states that ‘Globalization lies at the heart
of modern culture; cultural practices lie at the heart of globalization.’ This perspective
answers the following questions: (1) Does globalization increase cultural homogeneity,
or does it lead to greater diversity and heterogeneity? (2) Does globalization make
people alike or more different? (3) How does dominant culture of consumerism impact
the natural environment?
Tomlinson (1999) defines cultural globalization as a ‘densely growing network of
complex cultural interconnections and interdependencies that characterize modern
social life.’ He argued that global cultural flows are directed by powerful international
media corporations that utilize new communication technologies to shape societies
and identities. Culture no longer remains tied to fixed localities such as town and
nation but acquires new meanings that reflect dominant themes emerging in global
context (Steger, 2014).
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GLOBALIZATION AS CULTURAL PROCESS
John Tomlinson (1999) a sociologist, emphasized the centrality of culture to
contemporary debates on globalization. He states that ‘Globalization lies at the heart
of modern culture; cultural practices lie at the heart of globalization.’ This perspective
answers the following questions: (1) Does globalization increase cultural homogeneity,
or does it lead to greater diversity and heterogeneity? (2) Does globalization make
people alike or more different? (3) How does dominant culture of consumerism impact
the natural environment?
Tomlinson (1999) defines cultural globalization as a ‘densely growing network of
complex cultural interconnections and interdependencies that characterize modern
social life.’ He argued that global cultural flows are directed by powerful international
media corporations that utilize new communication technologies to shape societies
and identities. Culture no longer remains tied to fixed localities such as town and
nation but acquires new meanings that reflect dominant themes emerging in global
context (Steger, 2014).
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GLOBALIZATION AS CULTURAL PROCESS
Cultural theorist Arjun Appadurai (1996) identifies five conceptual
dimensions or ‘landscapes that are constituted by global cultural flows:
(1) Ethnoscapes, (2) Finanscapes, (3) mediascapes, (4) technoscapes,
and (5) ideoscapes. Each of these ‘scapes’ contain the building blocks
of new ‘imagined worlds’ that are assembled by historically situated
imaginations of persons and groups spread around the globe (Sterger,
2014).
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