CMPE 331

Computer Architecture and

Organization

Dr. Gökhan ŞENGÜL

Dr. Gökhan ŞENGÜL
 E-mail: [Link]@[Link]
 Phone: 586 83 48
Aim of the Course
 This course is designed to teach
fundamental units of computer systems
including memory, CPU and I/O units.
 To understand how hardware and
software components work and how
they affect the correctness and
performance of programs
Content
 Computer components. Instruction execution.
Interrupts. Bus structure and interconnection of
components. Memory: internal memory, cache and
virtual memory, external memories. CPU: ALU,
floating point arithmetic, instruction sets, addressing
modes and formats. Control unit: hardwired and
micro-programmed control units. Input/Output: I/O
modules, programmed I/O
Course Textbook
 Randal E. Bryant and David R. O'Hallaron, Computer
Systems: A Programmer's Perspective, International
Edition, Pearson Higher Education, second Edition,
2011
Other Sources
 William Stallings, “Computer Organization and Architecture:
Designing for Performance”, 7/E, Prentice Hall, 2010, ISBN-10:
0135064171, ISBN-13: 9780135064177.
 Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, 5/E, Prentice
Hall, 2006, ISBN-10: 0131485210, ISBN-13: 9780131485211
 Douglas E. Comer, Essentials of Computer Architecture:
International Edition, Pearson Higher Education, 2005, ISBN-10:
0131964267, ISBN-13:9780131964266
 Nick Carter, Schaum's Outline of Computer Architecture 1st
Edition (2002), ISBN: 9780071362078.
Course Evaluation
 Mid-term (x1) : % 40
 Final : % 60
Are you ready to start?
Some definitions
 A computer system consists of hardware and systems
software that work together to run application
programs...
 All computer systems have similar hardware and
software components that perform similar functions
Definitions
 All information in a system – including disk files,
programs stored in memory, user data stored in
memory, and data transfered accross a network – is
represented as a bunch of bits...
Sample Program
Sample Program
In order to run hello.c on the system,
the individual C statements must be
translated by the other programs into
a sequence of low-level machine
instructions...

How?
The Compilation System
The Compilation System
 Preprocessing Phase: The preprocessor modifies the
original C program according to directives that begin
with # character
 Compilation Phase: The compiler translates the text
file hello.i into the text file hello.s, which contains an
assembly language program.
 Assembly language is useful because it provides a common
output language for different compilers for different high
level languages
The Compilation System
 Assembly Phase: The assembler translates hello.s
into machine language instructions, packages them
in a form known as a reallocateable object programs,
and stores the result in the object file hello.o.
 This file is a binary file whose bytes encode machine
language instructions rather than characters
 Linking Phase: The linker merges «printf» function
with the hello.o program
 The printf function resides in a separate precompiled object
file called printf.o.
Hardware Organization of a Typical
System
Hardware Organization of a Typical
System
 Buses carry bytes of information back and forth between the
components...
 Buses are typically designed to transfer fixed sized chunks of
bytes known as words...
 The number of bytes in a word (the word size) is a fundamental
system parameter that varies accross systems.
 Most machines today have a word size of either 4 bytes (32
bits) or 8 bytes (64 bits)
Hardware Organization of a Typical
System
 I/O devices are system’s connection to the external world.
 Each I/O device is connected to the I/O bus by either a
controller or an adapter.
 The main memory is a temporary storage device that holds both
a program and the data it manipulates while the processor is
executing the program.
 The CPU is the engine that interprets instructions stored in main
memory....
 The register file is a small storage device that cosists of a
collection of word-sized registers, each with its own unique
name...
Memory Hierarchy
Cache Memories
 Cache: serve as temporary staging areas for information that
the processor is likely to need in the near future...
 L1 Cache
 Holds tens f thousands of bytes and can be accesses nearly as fast as the
register file
 L2 Cache
 Holds hundreds of thousands to million of bytes
 L3 Cache
 Million of bytes
Cache Memories
 The idea behind caching is that a system can get the effect of
both a very large memory and a very fast one by exploiting
locality, the tendency for programs to access data and code in
localized regions.
 By setting up caches to hold data that is likely to be accessed
often, we can perform most memory operations using the fast
caches.
Operating System

 The operating system has two primary purposes:

 (1) to protect the hardware from misuse by runaway
applications, and
 (2) to provide applications with simple and uniform
mechanisms for manipulating complicated and often
wildly different low-level hardware devices.
Computer Architecture vs
Computer Organization
Questions?