Artificial Intelligence
Faculty of Information
Technology
311341
Department: Computer Science\Artificial Intelligence
Agenda
History of AI
What is AI
Foundations of AI
Types of AI
AI Applications
Programming Languages for AI
History of AI
Alan Turing published a landmark paper in which he speculated about
1950
the possibility of creating machines that think.
[Game AI] Christopher Strachey wrote a checkers program and
1951
Dietrich Prinze wrote one for chess.
[Birth of AI] John McCarthy “Father of AI” introduced the term
1956
“Artificial Intelligence” at the Dartmouth Conference.
1959 The first AI lab established, the researcher on AI began.
1960 Generated the first motor robot
History of AI (Con.)
1961 Introduced the first chatbot, called ELIZA
IBM’s Deep Blue beats world champion Garry Kasparov
1997
in the game of chess
Stanford Racing Team’s autonomous robotic car.
2005
Stanley wins with the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge
2011 IBM’s question answering system Watson
.
.
.
Areas of AI
What is AI
Artificial intelligence (AI): also Machine intelligence (MI): is intelligence displayed by
machines, in contrast with the Natural intelligence (NI): displayed by humans
and other animals.
In computer science: AI research is defined as the study of "intelligent agents":
any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance
of success at some goal.
Goals of AI
• To make computers more useful by letting them take over dangerous or tedious
tasks from human.
• Understand principles of human intelligence.
AI Definition
Thinking Acting
Rationally Rationally
Acting Thinking
Humanly Humanly
AI Definition (Con.)
Thinking Rationally: Logicians in the 19th century developed a precise notation for
statements about all kinds of objects in the world and the relations among them.
(Contrast this with ordinary arithmetic notation, which provides only for statements
about numbers.)
Acting Rationally: Correct inference is not all of rationality; in some situations, there is
no provably correct thing to do, but something must still be done. There are also ways
of acting rationally that cannot be said to involve inference. For example, recoiling from
a hot stove is a reflex action that is usually more successful than a slower action taken after
careful deliberation.
AI Definition (Con.)
Thinking Humanly: General Problem Solver (GPS for Newell and Simon, 1961), were
not content merely to have their program solve problems correctly. They were more
concerned with comparing the trace of its reasoning steps to traces of human
subjects. COGNITIVE SCIENCE solving the same problems.
Acting Humanly : The computer would need to possess the following capabilities:
•Natural language processing to enable it to communicate successfully in English.
•Knowledge representation to store what it knows or hears.
•Automated reasoning to use the stored information to answer questions and to draw.
•Machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate patterns.
Foundations of AI
Philosophy
At that time (384 B.C.), the study of human intelligence began with no formal expression.
Mathematics
computation, logic, and probability.
Economics
Adam Smith (1723-1790) published An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth
of Nations.
Neuroscience
Paul Broca's (1824-1880) study of aphasia (speech deficit) in brain-damaged patients.
Psychology
How do humans and animals think and act? Idea, humans and other animals can be
considered as information processing machines
Foundations of AI (Con.)
Computer engineering
For artificial intelligence to succeed, we need two things: intelligence and an artifact.
The power of computer makes computation of large and difficult problems more easily.
Control theory and cybernetics
How can artifacts operate under their own control? By The artifacts adjust their actions.
Based on an objective function and feedback from the environment.
Linguistics
Behaviorist theory for understanding natural languages. Such as, Formal languages,
syntactic and semantic analysis.
Types of AI
Artificial Narrow Intelligence
Known as weak AI involves applying AI only to specific tasks
• Alexa
• Self-drive
• Sophia
Artificial General Intelligence
Known as strong AI involves machines that process the ability to perform
any intellectual task that a human being can
Artificial Super Intelligence
A term referring to the time when the capability of computers will surpass humans
AI Applications
Expert systems, Decision support systems
Data mining
Game playing
Robotics, Control
Scheduling
Natural Language Processes
AI Applications (Con.)
Programming Languages for AI
Lisp
Programming Languages for AI (Con.)
Why Python?
• Python was created in1989.
• Simple and easy to learn, read and write.
• Free open source; which means one can freely distribute copies of this software, read it’s
source code, modify it,… etc.
• High-level language; no need to bother about the low-level details like memory allocation.
• Portable; supported by many platforms like Windows, Linux, Macintosh, Solaris, … etc.
• Supports different Programming Paradigm like procedure-oriented programming and
object-oriented programming.
• Extensible; it can invoke C and C++ libraries, integrated with Java and .NET components.
References
Artificial Intelligence
1- https://www.tutorialspoint.com/artificial_intelligence/index.htm
2- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jmsHaJ7xEA&list=PL9ooVrP1hQOGHNaCT7_fwe9AabjZI1RjI
3- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ad79nYk2keg&list=PLEiEAq2VkUULyr_ftxpHB6DumOq1Zz2hq
Python
1- https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/
2- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1Yd7upQsXY&list=PLBZBJbE_rGRWeh5mIBhD-hhDwSEDxogDg
3- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XVDQF1Qrfg&list=PLPTNqXpQ2tbiesxZbUuG-kxi7_dKBYkcY
The next chapter under the title: Intelligent Agent
Thank you
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