Single Phase Transformer

DPC
Transformers
 Magnetic susceptibility
• Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality
constant that indicates the degree of magnetization of a
material in response to an applied magnetic field.

• χ=M/H
• Where,
• χ: magnetic susceptibility
• M: magnetization
• H: field intensity
 Magnetic hysteresis
• Once magnetic saturation has been achieved, a decrease in the
applied field back to zero results in a macroscopically
permanent or residual magnetization, known as remanance, M r
.The corresponding induction, Br , is called retentivity or
remanent induction of the magnetic material. This effect of
retardation by material is called hysteresis.
• The magnetic field strength needed to bring the induced
magnetization to zero is termed as coercivity, Hc . This must
be applied anti-parallel to the original field.
• A further increase in the field in the opposite direction results
in a maximum induction in the opposite direction. The field
can once again be reversed, and the field-magnetization loop
can be closed, This loop is known as hysteresis loop or B-H
plot or M- H plot.
 Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction states
that a change in magnetic flux through a coil or
conductor induces an electromotive force (EMF)
or voltage in the wire. This induced EMF results
in an electric current if the circuit is closed.

The first law (Faraday's law of electromagnetic

induction): The induced EMF in a closed loop is
directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic
flux passing through the loop. Mathematically, this is
expressed as:
EMF (E) = -dΦ/dt

where E is the induced electromotive force, dΦ/dt is the rate of change of magnetic flux,
and the negative sign indicates that the EMF is induced in such a way as to oppose the
change in flux (Lenz's law).
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction

The second law (Faraday's law of

electrolysis): The total charge passing
through a circuit due to electromagnetic
induction is directly proportional to the
total change in magnetic flux. This law
relates the induced EMF to the charge
accumulated due to the induced current.
 Transformer
An A.C. device used to change high voltage low
current A.C. into low voltage high current A.C. and
vice-versa without changing the frequency
In brief,
1. Transfers electric power from one circuit to another
2. It does so without a change of frequency
3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction
4. Where the two electric circuits are in mutual
inductive influence of each other.
 Core type

• Windings are wrapped around two sides of a laminated square

core.
 Core type

Fig1: Coil and laminations of Fig2: Various types of cores

core type transformer
 Shell type

Fig: Sandwich windings

 Shell type
• The HV and LV
windings are split
into no. of sections
• Where HV winding
lies between two LV
windings
• In sandwich coils
leakage can be
Fig: Sandwich windings
controlled
 Working of a transformer
1. When current in the primary coil
changes being alternating in
nature, a changing magnetic field
is produced
2. This changing magnetic field gets
associated with the secondary
through the soft iron core
3. Hence magnetic flux linked with
the secondary coil changes.
4. Which induces e.m.f. in the
secondary.
 Some other common
Applications
1.Isolation (two grounds)
2.Voltage and Current sensing

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 Primary

steel core

 A simple single phase transformer comprises a steel core onto which

two separate coils are wound.
 The core is laminated to minimise eddy current losses.
 The coil connected to an alternating current (ac) the supply, is called
the “primary winding”.
 The coil connected to the load, is termed the “secondary winding”.
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 Transformers can be used as Step up or Step down transformers
 Time-varying flux will induce a voltage, and
hence a current.
 Time-varying flux also affects the magnetic core,
and the induced voltage will cause “eddy”
currents in the core, which depend on the
resistivity of the core.
 These currents dissipate energy in the form of
heat.
 Eddy currents are reduced by selecting:
 High-resistivity core materials, or by
 Laminating the core, introducing tiny,
discontinuous air gaps between core layers.
 Therefore, lamination of the core reduces eddy
currents greatly without affecting the magnetic
properties of the core.
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 E1 E1

 Open circuit means that there is no load connected to the secondary

winding
 A sinusoidal voltage V1|across the primary winding|, which has N1 turns.
 A small magnetising current I1 will flow in that winding and
establish a flux  in the core - (just like the toroid coil).
 The flux induces an emf E1 in d the primary coil in accordance with
19 Faraday’s Law.
 E1  N1
dt
 The flux (1) is common to both coils it will also induce an emf E2 in the
secondary winding, which has N2 turns
d
 E2  N2
dt
d
 From E1we had E1  N 1
dt
 From E1 and E2 d E1 E
  2
dt N 1 N2
E1 N
  1
E2 N2
 “turns ratio” or “transformation ratio =  primary turns, N1 
 secondary turns, N 

20
2 
  primary turns, N1 
We had  =
“turns ratio” 
 secondary turns, N 2 
& E1
E2
N
 1
N2

If the primary & secondary impedances are negligible, then:

 E1=V1, applied voltage V1 N
  1
 E2=V2, secondary terminal voltage V2 N2

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In practice:
 The windings will have a small finite resistance, and
 A very small fraction of the flux will fail to link both coils. This
we refer to as Flux Leakage
Fortunately, the effects of these are generally small and may be ignored
allowing the above equations to be used with reasonable accuracy.

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Ideal Transformer

 The losses are zero in an ideal transformer. Therefore the

input power (VA) is equal to the output power (VA).
I1 I2 = aI1

I1 V1 = I2 V2
V1 = E1 E2 = V2

 The voltage and current relations are: E2 =E 1 / a

a = V1/V2 = I2/I1 or V2 =V1/a & I2= I1 a
 If a transformer increases the voltage, the current decreases
and vice versa.
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 Ideal Transformers
• Zero leakage flux:
-Fluxes produced by the primary and secondary
currents are confined within the core
• The windings have no resistance:
- Induced voltages equal applied voltages
• The core has infinite permeability
- Reluctance of the core is zero
- Negligible current is required to establish magnetic
flux
• Loss-less magnetic core
- No hysteresis or eddy currents
 Transformer on load

Fig. a: Ideal transformer on load

Fig. b: Main flux and leakage
flux in a transformer
 
Secondary current,
Primary current,
I2
I1

N1 N2  E2 Load V2
V1 E1

A current I2 will start to flow when a load is connected to the

secondary circuit.
I
2will set up its own flux 2, in a direction which will oppose the
main flux , tending to reduce it and eventually reducing E1
d 
Since E1  N

1

26
dt
 
Secondary current,
Primary current,
I2
I1

N1 N2  E2 Load V2
V1 E1

 The potential difference (V1 - E1) in the primary circuit increases

 Raises both the primary current I1 and the main flux. i.e. I1 & 1
 Equilibrium is achieved when the flux  (hence E1) has been restored to its
original value
 The extra flux produced by the increase in the primary current cancels out the
flux 2 created by I2.
 In the steady state the mmfs (ampere turns) in the primary and secondary
windings balance
i.e. I1N1 = I2N2 or I1  N 2
27 I2 N1
 
Secondary current,
Primary current,
I2
I1

N1 N2  E2 Load V2
V1 E1

I2 2opposing 1  1  E1  (V1 - E1)   I1 

 1counteract 2  2  E2  (V2 – E2)   I2 
 and so on  a balance is reached
 In the steady state the mmfs (ampere turns) in the primary and secondary
windings
i.e. I1N1 = I2N2 or I N
1  2
28 I2 N1
 
Secondary current,
Primary current,
I2
I1

There are two types of losses in a N1 N2  E2 Load V2

V1 E1

transformer, namely:
 I2R Losses 

 These are losses in both, the primary and the secondary

 Losses are due to the resistance of the coils, hence
losses in each of the windings is equal to I2R
 These losses translate as heat and are often referred
“copper losses”.
 Core Losses
 Two types of losses caused by:
 Magnetic hysteresis effects, and
constant and
 Eddy current losses in the steel core. independent of load.
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 Secondary current,
Primary current,
I2
I1

Primary,
N1 turns
R1 
E2 Z V2
V1 E1 Secondary,

 Efficiency, Output Power , P2 N2 turns

Efficiency   R2 
Input Power , P1
Core losses, Pc

Input power = Output power + (I2R losses) + (core losses)

Output power = P = V I cos
2 2 2 where (cos ) = power factor of the load
2 2

Primary (I2 R) Losses, P11 = I12 R1 & Secondary (I2 R) Losses, P12 = I2
2
R2

Total Core loss, Pc = hysteresis loss + eddy current loss (= constant)

Input power = P1 = P2 + (P11 + P12) + Pc
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Equivalent circuit parameters
 Equivalent circuit parameters

• The primary and secondary coils both possess resistance (R1 and R2) and
reactance (Xl1 and Xl2) and have a series effect on the winding.
Equivalent circuit parameters
Equivalent circuit parameters
Equivalent circuit parameters
Equivalent circuit parameters
Transferring secondary parameters to
primary side
 Equivalent circuit referred to
secondary side
•Transferring primary side parameters to secondary side

Similarly exciting circuit parameters are also transferred to

secondary as Ro’ and Xo’
equivalent circuit w.r.t primary

where
 Transformer Tests
•The performance of a transformer can be calculated on the basis of
equivalent circuit
•The four main parameters of equivalent circuit are:
- R01 as referred to primary (or secondary R02)
- the equivalent leakage reactance X01 as referred to primary
(or secondary X02)
- Magnetising susceptance B0 ( or reactance X0)
- core loss conductance G0 (or resistance R0)
•The above constants can be easily determined by two tests
- Oper circuit test (O.C test / No load test)
- Short circuit test (S.C test/Impedance test)
•These tests are economical and convenient
- these tests furnish the result without actually loading the
transformer

Electrical Machines
 Open-circuit Test
In Open Circuit Test the transformer’s secondary winding is open-circuited, and
its primary winding is connected to a full-rated line voltage.
 Short-circuit Test
In Short Circuit Test the secondary terminals are short circuited, and the
primary terminals are connected to a fairly low-voltage source
The input voltage is adjusted until the current in the short circuited
windings is equal to its rated value. The input voltage, current and power is
measured.
Short-circuit Test
Numerical problems on OC test and
SCC test
Numerical problems on OC test and
SCC test
Numerical problems on OC test and
SCC test
Numerical problems on OC test and
SCC test
Numerical problems on OC test and
SCC test
Voltage regulation
Voltage regulation
Voltage regulation
Efficiency of Transformer
Auto Transformer connection
Auto Transformer connection
Auto Transformer connection
Auto Transformer connection
3 phase transformer connection
3 phase transformer connection
3 phase transformer connection
3 phase transformer connection
3 phase transformer connection
3 phase transformer connection
3 phase transformer connection
3 phase transformer connection
3 phase transformer connection
3 phase transformer connection
3 phase transformer connection
3 phase transformer connection