Summary of Learning Outcomes

Upon completion of the module you will be able to:

✔L.O. 1 - Gather data/information

✔L.O. 2 - Assess gathered data/information
✔L.O. 3 - Record and present information
 Key Topics and Learning Points
Importance of data and information. We collect
information every day. It is an important step not only in conducting
research and solving problems at work, but also in our daily lives. It is
important for us to know where to find the information that we are
looking for and why it is important for us to know that information.
Confidentiality pertains to the treatment of information that an
individual has disclosed in a relationship of trust and with the
expectation that it will not be divulged to others without permission in
ways that are inconsistent with the understanding of the original
disclosure
 Key Facts 6.1: Collecting Information
Whether you are conducting academic or professional research, working to solve a
problem, or trying to make an informed decision, information is crucial. The ability to
strategically collect information is a skill that will serve you well. Here’s why:
 Knowledge. Information can help you understand the fuller picture of the situation you
are researching or the magnitude of the problem you are trying to address. Data can help
to fill in the details and ground your understanding in reality.
 Credibility. Information can help ground your ideas, opinions, and research with
reliable facts and figures. Such data is especially important in communicating with
clients, possible donors, instructors, or colleagues.
 Awareness can lead to change. By sharing and contextualizing data for your audience—
whether they are your colleagues, your clients, your classmates, or your friends and
family—you can empower others with knowledge. This knowledge, in turn, can lead to
positive change.
 Excerpt from Module 6 NC I – Accessing and Maintaining Information
from the Work Readiness Modules on 21st Century Skills by the USAID
Opportunity 2.0 Program
Personal information refers to any information whether recorded in a
material form or not, from which the identity of an individual is apparent
or can be reasonably and directly ascertained by the entity holding the
information, or when put together with other information would directly
and certainly identify an individual.
Privileged information refers to any and all forms of data which under
the Rules of Court and other pertinent laws constitute privileged
communication.
Sensitive personal information refers to personal information that is
1. About an individual’s race, ethnic origin, marital status, age, color, and
religious, philosophical or political affiliations
2. About an individual’s health, education, genetic or sexual life of a person,
or to any proceeding for any offense committed or alleged to have been
committed by such person, the disposal of such proceedings, or the sentence
of any court in such proceedings
3. Issued by government agencies peculiar to an individual which includes,
but not limited to, social security numbers, previous or current health records,
licenses or its denials, suspension or revocation, and tax returns
4. Specifically established by an executive order or an act of Congress to be
kept classified
 Rights of a Data Subject:
The phrase “data subject” refers to an individual whose personal information is
processed. The data subject is entitled to the following:
(a)Be informed whether personal information pertaining to him or her shall be,
are being or have been processed
(b) Be furnished the information indicated hereunder before the entry of his or
her personal information into the processing system of the personal
information controller, or at the next practical opportunity:
(1) Description of the personal information to be entered into the system
(2) Purposes for which they are being or are to be processed
(3) Scope and method of the personal information processing
(4) The recipients or classes of recipients to whom they are or may
be disclosed
(5) Methods utilized for automated access, if the same is allowed by
the data subject, and the extent to which such access is authorized
(6) The identity and contact details of the personal information
controller or its representative
(7) The period for which the information will be stored
(8) The existence of their rights (i.e., to access, correction, as well
as the right to lodge a complaint before the Commission)
 Your Data Privacy Rights
 Under RA 10173, you have the following rights as a data subject:
✓ Right to be informed
✓ Right to Access
✓ Right to Object
✓ Right to Erasure or Blocking
✓ Right to Damages
✓ Right to File a Complaint
✓ Right to Rectify
✓ Right to Data Portability
If you feel that your personal data has been used incorrectly, you have the right file a
complaint with the National Privacy Commission. More information can be found in their
website at www.privacy.gov.ph
 Key Facts 6.2: Quick Guide: Protecting Privacy and Maintaining
Confidentiality
“Confidentiality” is a word that we might encounter in situations surrounding
our healthcare, our finances, or other topics where our personal information
might be concerned. Simply put, “confidentiality” means that information is
being kept secret or private.
By extension, confidentiality pertains to treatment of information that an
individual has disclosed in a relationship of trust, especially in a legal, medical,
or scientific context. There is an expectation that the information will be kept
private and will not be shared without permission in ways that are inconsistent
with the understanding of the original agreement.
Given that research is about sharing and collecting information, it is natural that
confidentiality is an important issue to keep in mind when collecting identifiable
data about a person, such as if you are collecting surveys or interviews
Here are some precautions to take in order to protect
confidentiality, especially if research involves what is called
Personal Identifiable Information or PII. PII is any information that
can be used to identify an individual (such as an email address,
phone numbers, biometric data, social security numbers, etc.). PII
is common in research in the sciences
Considerations in Maintaining Data Confidentiality
Files containing data should be password protected and
encrypted.
Contact lists of participants should be destroyed when no longer
needed for research.
Data collection should be anonymous (that is, the person’s name
is not included) if possible.
PII (Personal Identifying Information) should be replaced with
identification codes (ID codes). ID codes should *not* include
individual’s names or social security numbers.
Participants should be informed how the information will be
used, how it will be stored and collected, and who will have
access to it.
Participants should be informed of the limitations on the
protection of data confidentiality, such as mandatory reporting
laws.
Right to be Informed
Your right to be informed about confidentiality and how the information collected
from you will be stored, used, retrieved and discarded are exercised through
consent forms. These forms are given to anyone from whom the information will
be collected, encoded, and stored. The consent form contains the information that
will be collected as well as how the data will be used, stored, retrieved and
deleted. The respondents have the right to agree or disagree to give their
information through signing or not signing the consent form.
It is important that you ask for this form or look for the privacy statement of the
organization, website, and other platforms before you give out any personal
information.
If you are the one collecting the information, you have the responsibility to inform
your respondents about the information that you will be collecting and how you
will use, store, retrieve and discard the data.
 SESSION 2: Assess Gathered Data/Information
Key Topics and Learning Points
1. Steps in analyzing quantitative data
2. Techniques on analyzing qualitative data
o Steps in analyzing qualitative data
Enter and organize data
Clean data
Tabulate data
Calculate descriptive
Disaggregate data
Analyze data
Display findings
o Steps in analyzing qualitative data
Immediately process and record data
Reduce data
Identify meaningful themes and patterns
Draw conclusions
Share data
 Key Facts 6.3: Analyzing Quantitative and Qualitative Data
 As you will recall, quantitative data focuses on concrete, measurable
information, such as numbers, statistics, percentages, etc. Qualitative data,
on the other hand, pertains more to narratives, interviews, personal
opinions, etc.
 When you encounter data, it is important to know how to analyze it and
find meaning. Here are some steps that you can follow:
 Analyzing Qualitative Data
Quantitative data usually involves statistics, hard numbers, and data
that can be counted (i.e., “quantified”).
 Analyzing Quantitative Data
 Qualitative data often includes responses to interview questions, opinions, or stories. It is
more fluid than quantitative data and often depends on the context of the research.
 SESSION 3: Record and Present Information
Key Topics and Learning Points:
1. Presenting data
2. Citing sources
Ideas for presenting content in a variety of ways to support understanding
 Make sure your audience can see your data
 Less can be more
 Enhance your information with visuals
 Enlist technology
 Keep your audience in mind
Proofread
Citing sources
 Familiarize yourself with the protocol of styles such as APA and MLA
 Key Facts 6.4: Ideas for Presenting Information
Whether you are making a professional presentation, teaching a
lesson, or sharing researching with your classmates, here are
some guidelines that will help to present information
effectively.
Make sure that your audience can actually see your data.
 Have you ever watched a presentation where you were unable
to even read the numbers on a chart? When data is too small,
your audience will be left scratching their heads—and
distracted from the heart of your bigger message.
Less can be more.
 As the inventor Leonardo Da Vinci once said,
“Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.” On that
note, refrain from crowded your pages or slides with
too much information. Doing so can overwhelm your
audience or reader.
 If need be, move some of the data to another slide or
page so your presentation is not cluttered.
Enhance your information with visuals.
 Offer your information in more than one way. For example, if you are
instructing your audience in how to do something, provide both text and
images.
 Make that you have copyright permission before you use any images.
Website such as Unsplash (www.unsplash.com) , Pixabay (
www.pixabay.com) , and Wikimedia Commons (
https://commons.wikimedia.org) offer freely usable media files.
 Infographics—a collection of imagery or charts that provides a visual
representation of a subject—can help you communicate an idea quickly
and powerfully. You can do so for free with platforms such as Canva (
www.canva.com) or Piktochart (www.piktochart.com).
Enlist technology.
 If you can, try to incorporate audiovisual elements such
as video clips and sound recordings to engage an
audience. Turn on closed captions on any video that is
shown to make learning more inclusive.
 Tablets, laptops, and e-readers can offer individualized
learning support and allow learners to go at their own
pace.
Keep your audience in mind.
 Try to put yourself in the shoes of your audience, whether that is your
colleagues, your students, your clients, or your friends and family. Ask
yourself: what knowledge do they already have? What topics might be
unfamiliar to them?
 Even if your data or findings are complex, try to communicate the
information in a clear and simple way. (Doing so is harder than it sounds!)
 It’s a good idea to share your presentation with someone else that you
trust. Ask them what questions, responses, or concerns they might have.
Then try to address those accordingly.
 Remember that people have different learning styles: some learn better
visually, audibly, by doing, etc., so keep that in mind
Proofread.
 It may sound obvious, but be sure to check for spelling
and grammar errors. (You would be surprised by how
many people forget to do this at their own peril!)
 If you feel like you have looked at your presentation
too many times, ask a trusted colleague or friend to
check for typos. Details matter!
 Key Facts 6.5: Presentation 101: Everything You Need to
Know to Make a Basic Presentation
PowerPoint is a software made by Microsoft that allows you to create
presentations, which are commonly used in professional or academic
settings. Within a PowerPoint presentation, you can add text, images, art,
and even music. You can either create a presentation from scratch or start
with one of the software’s templates.
Here are some tips when designing your PowerPoint presentation:
Choose a legible font style.
 Style: Font styles such as Arial or Calibri are simple and can be easily
read from a distance. No one wants to squint during your presentation!
 Size: Try to avoid font sizes smaller than 18.
 Contrast: Use a high contrast between your background color and your font
color. That means choosing a light text on a dark background or a dark text on a
light background. (Stay away from the pairing of certain colors: for example,
red and blue combinations cause eye strain, as do red and green combinations.)
Keep it simple.
 Use bullet points and short sentences.
 Try to avoid text wrapping (that is, having a single sentence run over one line).
 Remember, you want to supplement and enhance the slides with your spoken
narration. Don’t make the slides do all of the work—that is your job!
 Chose a simple background that will not distract from your message
Keep it consistent.
 Use the same design style (colors, font, etc.) throughout. Doing so will
create a polished, uniform look.
Use graphics, but sparingly.
 Art or graphics can help to enhance and tell your story. But, if you use
images, find high quality ones (that are free to use), and use them wisely.
 Avoid visual clutter. Less is more.
 Credit your images. (You can do so by adding small text at the bottom of
the slide.)
Check spelling and grammar.
 Details matter. You can use the built in spellcheck feature or explore free
online tools such as Grammarly (www.grammarly.com)
 Key Facts 6.6: How to Cite Sources
In order to convincingly present information, you will need to rely on sources. These
sources might include books, articles, quotations, videos, databases, websites, etc.—the
list goes on!
Each time you reference one of these sources, you need to cite it—that is, note where it
came from. There are several reasons for doing so:
You give credit to the person or organization who created or produced the content.
If your reader would like to learn more about your source, she or he can easily find
it.
A rich list of cited sources enforces your argument, research, or opinion.
By responsibly citing your sources, you avoid plagiarism, or presenting someone
else’s work as your own, which is not only unethical but can lead to disciplinary
action.
There are several different styles of citation. Each has its own rules and
guidelines. Some of the most common are APA (American Psychological
Association) and the MLA (Modern Language Association). You may also
come across Chicago Manual of Style. Each style consists of two main
components:
1. In-text citation. These citations are parenthetically embedded within the
text and usually include the author’s name and a page number. The in-text
citation is expanded more fully in the full reference.
2. Full reference. This reference usually comes at the end of a document in
a bibliography, reference lists, or list of works cited. It includes all the
details about a source (e.g., date of publication, URL, publisher, etc.).
In-text citations are placed within the text.
Full references, on the other hand, are found at the end of a document. (This list may be
called “Works Cited,” “References,” or “Bibliography,” depending on the style.)
Full References

Style Format Example Notes

APA Author’s last name, Author’s Poole, G.A. (2010). PacMan: - The book’s title is italicized.
first/middle initials. (Year of Behind the scenes with Manny - In the book’s title only the
publication). Title of work: Pacquiao, the greatest pound-for- first letters of the first word
Capital letter also for subtitle. pound fighter in the world. Da (and the first word after
Publisher name. Capo Press. colon) and proper nouns are
capitalized.

MLA Author’s last name, author’s Poole, Gary Andrew. PacMan: - All the words (except
first name. Title of Book. City Behind the scenes with Manny prepositions such as “in” or
of Publication, Publisher, Pacquiao, the Greatest Pound- articles such as “the”) are
Publication Date. for-Pound Fighter in the world. capitalized in the title.
Cambridge Da Capo Press, 2010. - The book’s title is italicized.
 Keep in mind that the formatting resources provided above are specifically for
books. For resources such as websites, podcasts, magazines, etc., you will
need to consult the style protocol. The important thing to remember is that
each style has its own set of rules to follow—all of which you can find online.
Here are some steps to follow when citing resources.
Step 1. Verify which citation style to follow
Be sure to check which style is required for the document you are writing. (If
you are unsure of which citation style is required, be sure to ask an instructor
or someone who would know!)
Familiarize yourself with the protocol (or rules) for the style.
This website provides extensive resources on citation styles:
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research
Step 2: Cite your resources
 Every time you include a source, you need to cite it. This rule applies whether you
directly quote or paraphrase (put something into your own words).

If you are… Then you should…

Directly quoting a source - Transcribe the quoted text and place it within quotation marks.
- Add an in-text citation according to the style
- Add your source to the reference list

Paraphrasing a source - Put the information in your own words, avoiding being too close
to the original wording
- Add an in-text citation according to the style.
- Add your source to the reference list.
Step 3: Check the plagiarism.
Universities and other institutions often use plagiarism
checkers to ensure that writers have not failed to
properly cite their sources.
To ensure that you have not missed a citation or
paraphrased in a way that it too similar to the
original text, you can run your own through a
plagiarism checker. Many of these are available online.
ANSWER KEY:
1. D- All of the Above
2. A- True
3. A- True
4. B- False
5. D.- The numerical average of scores for a variable
6. B.- False
7. B.- False
8. B.- (Poole 22)
9. B.- False
10. A.- True