Welcome to Grade-9, Math

Preparation
Essential Skills to succeed
Topic-1
REAL NUMBER SYSTEM
 Classifying Numbers

In mathematics, numbers are classified according to

common characteristics. Every number is classified as
belonging to one or more of the following sets of numbers:

Natural Numbers: N = { 1, 2, 3, …}

Whole Numbers: W = { 0, 1, 2 , 3, ...}

Integers: I = {….. -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}

Number Systems

 Natural numbers (N) – the set of whole numbers from one to infinity (no
negative numbers and no fractions)
N = {1, 2, 3…}
 Whole numbers (W) – the set of numbers from zero to infinity (no fractions,
decimals, or negatives)
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, …}
 Integers (I) – the set of all positive and negative numbers, including zero
I = {…-2, -1, 0, 1, 2…}
Number Systems

 Rational Numbers (Q) – the set of integers, fractions, all terminating and
repeating decimals. Any number that can be made by dividing one integer by
another. The word comes from “ratio”.
Q={
 Key symbols:

 Division by “0” in math is not permitted; it is undefined.

 Rational Numbers - Repeating Decimals

For a repeating or periodic decimal, the digits in the

quotient follow a recurring pattern.
5
Example:  0.7714285714285...
7
The digits that repeat are called the period.
The period is 714285.
The number of digits repeating is called the length of
the period.
The length is 6.

1.1.5
Number Systems

 Irrational Numbers (Q) are numbers that cannot be written as a ratio (or
fraction). The decimal goes on forever without repeating.
 Examples:
 – Pi is an irrational number.
 = 3.1415926535897932384626433832795…this numbers cannot be written as a
simple fraction.
 = 1.4142135623790950 -the square root of two cannot be written as a fraction so
therefore it is also irrational
 Complex Numbers
Real Numbers
Rational Numbers
Integers

Irrational Numbers

Imaginary Numbers
Whole Numbers

Natural
Numbers

1.1.3
Summary of Number Systems

N Natural Numbers

W Whole Numbers

I Integers

Q Rational Numbers

Q Irrational Numbers

R Real Numbers
Classifying Numbers

1.1.4
Identify the following number into different category

Number N W I Q Q R

- 8 79
0.2152115…
169
-67

.432432432…..

110
Topic-2
Prime and composite numbers
 Prime numbers
 Any natural number greater than 1 that can only be divided by 1 and itself is called a prime
number.
 For example,
 5 is a prime number as it’s divisible only by 1 and 5.
 10 is not a prime number as it’s divisible by 1, 2, 5, and 10
 REMEMBER:
 2 is the only even prime number
 0 and 1 are not prime numbers
 First 15 prime numbers are: 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19, 23,29,31, 37, 41, 43, and 47
 Composite numbers
 All the natural numbers that are divisible by more than 1 and itself are called
composite numbers.
 For example,
 10 is a composite number because it’s divisible by 2,
Divisibility Test
 Rules of divisibility
 Use the following table for the divisibility rule. A number is divisible by
 2 It ends in 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8
 3 The sum of the numbers divisible is by 3
 4 The numbers which are formed by the last two digits are divisible by 4
 5 It ends in 0 and 5
 6 It’s divisible by both 2 and 3
 8 The numbers which are formed by the last three digits are divisible by 8
 9 The sum of the numbers is divisible by 9
 10 It ends in 0
 11 The difference of the sum of the digits at odd places and the sum of the digits at even
places is either 0 or divisible by 11
 12 It’s divisible by both 3 and 4
 Exercise
 1. Which of the following is always odd?

 a) Difference of two odd numbers b) Sum of two even numbers

 c) Product of two odd numbers d) Sum of two odd numbers
 e) Product of one even and one odd number

 2. The smallest prime number is:

 a) 0
 b) 1
 c) 2
 d) 3
 e) 5
 3. For any integer k, if k5 is odd, which of the following statements is false?
 I. k is an odd number II. k is an even number III. k 4 is even
 a) I only b) II and III only
 c) II only d) III only
 e) I and II only

4. If ‘a’ and ‘b’ are two negative integers, then which of the following is always true?
 I. a + b is positive II. ab is negative III. a – b is negative IV. ab is positive
 a) I only b) III and IV only
 c) II only d) I and II only
 e) IV only
Topic-3
Square roots
Square Roots
Square Roots of Fractions

 How do we find the square root of a fraction such as the following example?
 Example:
9
25
 The steps are to find the square root of the numerator and the denominator.
 The answer would be 3
5
Square Roots with a “-” Sign

 What happens if there is a negative sign in front of the square root symbol?
Let’s have a look at the following example.

-√9
This means that
you are required
to find the
negative square The answer would be -3. The
root of the negative square root of 9 is -3.
number 9.
Solving Problems

 You can use square roots to solve problems. Let’s look at an example of this.
 Example: The area of Esther’s square flower bed is 25 m2.Find the length of
one side of the flower bed.
 Solution: Write the formula for area of a square and substitute the given
area.
 A = s2
25 = s2
 To solve for s, ask yourself, “What is the square root of 25, or what number
multiplied by itself is 25?”
 The square root of 25 is 5 (5 x 5 = 25). Therefore, the length of one side of
the flower garden is 5 m.
Try This

1. If a square pool has a surface area of 64 m2, what is the length of one side
of the pool?

Area = s2
Not a Perfect Square?

 So far, our examples have used perfect squares.

 A perfect square is a number that has a counting number (1, 2, 3, 4, 5...) as its
square root.

 You can find the approximate square root of a non-perfect square using a
calculator.

 For example, to find the square root of 42 press these keys:

The square
root of 42 is
approximately
6.5
Try This

 If the area of a baseball diamond is about 751 m2, what is the distance from
third base to home plate?

 Write out the formula for area of a square and substitute the given area.

 A = s2
Topic-4
Power and Bases
Powers and Bases

 A power is represented through a combination of a base and an exponent.

Look at the example below.
 A power means how many times a value is multiplied by itself.

23 This whole
expression is a
power.
The base is 2.
The exponent is
3.
Examples to Study

 23 = 2 x 2 x 2

 45 = 4 x 4 x 4 x 4 x 4

 4x3 = 4(x)(x)(x)

 (-3)2 = -3 x -3

 23y4 = (2)(2)(2)(y)(y)(y)(y)
Separating Terms

 Terms in algebraic expressions are separated by addition or subtraction signs.

 Look at the example below

-4xy3z4g This is an
example of one
term.
Topic-5
Exponent Rules
Multiplying Powers

 To multiply powers, add the exponents together only if the bases are the
same.

 This is also called product law:

xm + xn = xm+n

 Examples:
22 x 23 = (2)(2)(2) x (2)(2) = 32
22 x 23 = 22+3 = 25 = 32
More Examples

 Simplify the expression 32 x 35 x 34.

32+5+4
311

 Simplify the expression a2b4 x a3b2.

 Be careful with this one as you can add the exponents of the common bases
only.
a2+3b4+2
a5 b 6
Dividing Powers

 To divide powers, subtract the exponents only if the bases are the same.

 This is also called quotient law:

xm ÷ xn = xm-n
 Examples:
48 ÷ 4 2
48-2
46
More Examples

 Simplify the following expression:

 Since the bases are the same, you can subtract the exponents.
= =
 Simplify the following expression:
 Simplify using both multiplication and division rules.
Zero Exponent Rule

 Any number with an exponent of zero is always equal to 1, except , which is undefined.

 Examples:
=1

= -1
Zero Exponent Rule con’t…

 (-  -(-
 If a bracket is included with the  If the sign is not in the bracket, it
power, the sign in the bracket goes gets multiplied on after the power
to the power as well. has been applied.
Exponent Laws

Things to watch for when evaluating powers:

62 ≠ 12 23 + 2 2 ≠ 25

62 x 63 ≠ 365 (a3)2 ≠ a9

65 ÷ 62 ≠ 13 (a + b)2 ≠ a2 + b2

-22 ≠ 4 6-2 ≠ -62

 Evaluating Expressions Using the Power Laws

1 3 2
16
5-2
=  
25 4  = 9
-8a0 = -8
1 1 5
2 3 =
-32 = -9 6
4 = 100
2  3
3 2
-( 3 ) 0
= -1

6
50 + 5-1
= 2 3 9
5 2 =
-1 3 8
-6-2
=
36 3
(2-2 + 32 - 5-1)0 = -24
=1 3
2
32 + 2 3 + 4 0 = 18
 Rewriting Powers to a Specified Base

Express the first number as a power of the second:

25, 5 25 = 52 81, 3 81 = 34

Express as a power of 2:

162 x 323 x 8-4 = (24)2 x (25)3 x (23)-4

= 28 x 215 x 2-12
= 211

Express as a power of 3.

272 x 814 x 93
= 318
2432
 Simplifying and Evaluating Expressions with Powers

1. 2a2 x 6a3 2. (3a2b3c0)3

3. -6a5 x 2a2 4. (1 - 1)3 x (-1)2

5. (-1)9 x (-1)4 6. -24 x -33

7. 5-3 8. -6a0

9. a-3 x a4 10. -5-2

11. (-5)-2 12. (-22)3

13. 8a10 ÷ 4a3 14. -3a2b3 ÷ a-2b4

 Simplifying and Evaluating Expressions with Powers Answers

1. 2a2 x 6a3 = 12a5 2. (3a2b3c0)3 = 27a6b9

3. -6a5 x 2a2 4. (1 - 1)3 x (-1)2 =0

= -12a7

5. (-1)9 x (-1)4 6. -24 x -33 = 432

= (-1) = -1
13

7. 5-3 1 8. -6a0 = -6
=
125
10. -5-2 -1
9. a x a
-3 4
= a1 =
25
11. (-5)-2 1 12. (-22)3 = -26 = -64
=
25
13. 8a10 ÷ 4a3 = 2a 7 14. -3a2b3 ÷ a-2b4 = -3a4b-1

1.7B.2
TOPIC-6
Introduction to Polynomials
 Polynomial Terms
A polynomial is a collection of algebraic terms used to
represent a statement.

A monomial is a one-term expression.

A binomial is a two-term expression.
A trinomial is a three-term expression.

The degree of a term depends upon the exponents

of the variables:

A term with only one variable has a degree equal to

the exponent of the variable.

3
10x Degree 3
A term with more than one variable has a degree
equal to the sum of the exponents of the variables.

3 2
10x y Degree 5
The term with the highest degree, determines the
degree of the polynomial.
3.1.2
Additional Rules

 The exponents must be whole numbers. This means that negative exponents
are not allowed.

 In polynomials, variables are not allowed in the denominator.

Classifying Polynomials by Terms

One term (can be a number, a

Monomial variable, or a product of 2, x, xy, -3x2y
numbers and variables)

Binomial Two terms 3x + 7, 2y2 – y

Trinomial Three terms 3x2 – 4x + 7, 4ab – 2bc, + c3

Polynomial Four or more terms 5x4 + 15x3 + 12x - 1

**Remember that terms are separated by addition or subtraction

signs.
Constants and Coefficients

 Remember that a coefficient is the number preceding the variable.

 A constant term is a term that has no variable.

 Look at the following expression: 2x2 – xy +5

 The coefficients are 2 and -1.

 The variables are x and y.

 The constant term is 5.

Arranging Polynomials

 Polynomials are usually written in descending order of powers.

 This means we write the highest degree term first, the second highest degree
term next, and so on.

 Example: 5x4 – 2x2 + 12x – 7 is written in descending powers of x.

Degrees of Polynomials

 The degree of a monomial is the sum of the exponents of its variables.

 5x3 has a degree of 3

 -5x2y3 has a degree of 5 (to find this we added the exponents of 2 and 3)

 5x has a degree of 1
Degrees of Polynomials

One Variable Two or more Variables

 The degree of a polynomial in one  The degree of a polynomial in two
variable is the power of the or more variables is the largest
highest degree term. sum of the exponents in any one
 term.
5x4 – 2x2 + 12x – 7 has a degree of
“4” because 5x4 is the highest  2x2y + xz – 3z3x has a degree of “4”
degree term in the polynomial. because - 3z3x is the highest
degree term in the polynomial.
Lesson : Adding Polynomials

 Adding Polynomials

• When adding polynomials, drop the brackets and add like terms.

• Like terms MUST have the same variables and the same exponents
• Examples: 2x, -4x, and x

• Unlike terms have different variables and/or different exponents

• Examples: 7x, 8xy, 8x2, 3x2y
Example

 Add the following: (4x + 3) + (5x – 7)

 First, you must remove the brackets.
 Think that there is a “1” in front of the brackets and “multiply” it to the terms
inside.
 Group like terms together.
 Add the terms.

 1(4x + 3) + 1(5x – 7)
 4x + 3 + 5x – 7
 4x + 5x + 3 – 7
 9x - 4
Example

 Add the following trinomial: (-x2 -7x – 4) + (5x2 + 8x – 1).

 Remember the following steps:
 Remove the brackets.
 Group like terms.
 Add the terms.

 -x2 -7x – 4 + 5x2 + 8x – 1

 -x2 + 5x2 -7x + 8x - 4 – 1 (*be careful here)
 -x2 + 5x2 -7x + 8x - 4 + -1 (when subtracting integers, add the opposite)
 4x2 + 1x - 5
Tip

 When adding or subtracting polynomials with many exponents and/or variables it is

best to either:
 Rewrite the polynomial with like terms grouped together (include sign of each term).

 Identify like terms by circling or underlining them (include sign of each term).

 Let’s look at the example from page 155:

2p + 5q – p3 + 4p3 + 3q2 + 6p – 9

 Rewrite the polynomial with like terms grouped together.

-p3 + 4p3 + 2p + 6p + 3q2 + 5q - 9
Example

2p + 5q – p3 + 4p3 + 3q2 + 6p – 9

 Rewrite the polynomial with like terms grouped together. Again, be sure to
include the sign with each term.

-p3 + 4p3 + 2p + 6p + 3q2 + 5q - 9

 Collect like terms only.

3p3 + 8p + 3q2 + 5q - 9
Lesson : Subtracting polynomials

 When subtracting polynomials, change the subtraction sign to an addition sign

and switch the signs of the terms on the right of the subtraction sign to their
opposites. Or more simply put, add the opposite.

 To subtract polynomials,
 add the opposite
 remove the brackets
 group like terms
 simplify
Example

 Subtract the following binomials.

(9x + 4) – (3x – 1)

 First, add the opposite of (3x – 1)

(9x + 4) + (-3x + 1)

 Then, solve the problem as an addition problem.

9x + 4 – 3x + 1

9x – 3x + 4 + 1

6x + 5
Example

 Subtract the following trinomials.

(2x2 – 4x + 6) – (4x2 – 4x + 1)

 Instead of adding the opposite, you could multiply the second polynomial by “-1”.
(2x2 – 4x + 6) –1 (4x2 – 4x + 1)
2x2 – 4x + 6 – 4x2 + 4x – 1

 Collect like terms to solve the question.

2x2– 4x2 + 4x – 4x + 6 – 1
-2x2 + 5
Find the degree of this polynomial: 4x3y4 + 16x2y3 - 10x5y4 - 20x7

Add/subtract the Polynomials given below:

1) 20xy2 + 16xy - 10y2x + 22xy

2) (x2 + 6x + 22) + (3x2 + 10x - 16)

3) 7x2 + 16x - 14
- 3x2 - 10x + 12

3.1.3
 Practice Subtraction of Polynomials

1. (12x2 - 16x + 9) - (7x2 + 22x - 17)

2. (3x2 + 4x - 18) - (8x2 + 15x + 12) + (2x2 + 5)

3. 4x2 + 10x - 16 4x2 + 10x - 16

8x2 + 4x - 22 -8x2 - 4x + 22
-1( )
 Subtraction of Polynomials
Collect like terms and add the additive inverse. Or,
distribute the negative sign throughout the polynomial.

1. (12x2 - 16x + 9) - (7x2 + 22x - 17)

= (12x2 - 16x + 9) - 1(7x2 + 22x - 17)
= 12x2 - 16x + 9 - 7x2 - 22x + 17
= 5x2 - 38x + 26

2. (3x2 + 4x - 18) - (8x2 + 15x + 12) + (2x2 + 5)

= 3x2 + 4x - 18 - 8x2 - 15x - 12 + 2x2 + 5
= -3x2 - 11x - 25

3. 4x2 + 10x - 16 4x2 + 10x - 16

8x2 + 4x - 22 -8x2 - 4x + 22
-1( )

-4x2 + 6x + 6

3.1.4
Lesson Outline

 Multiplying Polynomials by Monomials

Lesson : multiplying polynomials by
monomials
 When multiplying polynomials, treat each term as a
separate digit. Multiply the terms out, and add the
rows as you would digits. This is called vertical
multiplication.

 Youmust apply the exponent laws when multiplying

variables.
 When multiplying exponents with the same base, add
the exponents.
Example

 Multiply the monomials

 Multiply the coefficients together and add the exponents of the same base
together.

=
Example

 Multiply a monomial and a trinomial:

 Multiply the term outside of the bracket by each term inside the bracket.

 NOTE: An addition sign is written before the “12” since the “3” being
multiplied in front is positive.
Example

 Expand and simplify

 Multiply the term outside of the bracket by each term inside the brackets.
Remember to watch the signs!

 Don’t forget the exponent laws: when multiplying exponents with the
same base, add the exponents.
 Multiplying Polynomials

To multiply polynomials, apply

the distributive property:

6x (2x + 8) = 12x2 + 48x

FOIL
(2x + 3)(3x + 4) = 6x2 + 8x + 9x + 12

= 6x2 + 17x + 12

3.3.2
 Expanding Binomials Squared

(2x + 5)2 = (2x + 5)(2x + 5)

= 4x2 + 10x + 10x + 25
= 4x2 + 20x + 25

6(3x - 2)2 = 6(3x - 2)(3x - 2)

= 6(9x2 - 12x + 4)
= 54x2 - 72x + 24

2(2x + 3y)2 = 2(2x + 3y)(2x + 3y)

= 2(4x2 + 6xy + 6xy + 9y2)
= 8x2 + 24xy + 18y2

(3x + 2)(3x - 2) = 9x2 - 6x + 6x - 4

= 9x2 - 4

3.3.3
 Practice Simplifying Polynomials

1. (3x + 2)(3x - 2)

2. 2(x + 4)(x + 2) + 3(x - 2)(x - 3)

3. (2x - 1)(x + 3) - (x - 4)(x - 5)

3.3.4
 Simplifying Polynomials

1. (3x + 2)(3x - 2)
= 9x2 - 6x + 6x - 4
= 9x2 - 4

2. 2(x + 4)(x + 2) + 3(x - 2)(x - 3)

= 2(x2 + 6x + 8) + 3(x2 - 5x + 6)
= 2x2 + 12x + 16 + 3x2 - 15x + 18
= 5x2 - 3x + 34

3. (2x - 1)(x + 3) - (x - 4)(x - 5)

= (2x2 + 5x -3) - (x2 - 9x + 20)
= x2 + 14x - 23

3.3.4
 Practice Simplifying Polynomials

4. 3x - 2[3 + 4(2x + 6)] - 3[2 + 3(x + 1)]

5. (x + 3)(x + 2)(x + 1)

3.3.5
 Simplifying Polynomials

4. 3x - 2[3 + 4(2x + 6)] - 3[2 + 3(x + 1)]

= 3x - 2(3 + 8x + 24) - 3( 2 + 3x + 3)
= 3x - 16x - 54 - 9x - 15
= -22x - 69

5. (x + 3)(x + 2)(x + 1)
= (x + 3)(x2 + 3x + 2)
= x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 3x2 + 9x + 6
= x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6

3.3.5
Lesson Outline

 Dividing a Polynomial by a Monomial

Lesson 2: dividing a polynomial by a
monomial
 When dividing a polynomial by a monomial, divide
each term of the polynomial by the monomial. In
other words, divide each term in the numerator by
the denominator.

 Youmust apply the exponent laws when dividing

variables.
 When dividing exponents with the same base, subtract
the exponents.
Example

 Find the quotient of

 Each term in the numerator must be divided by the denominator.

 When dividing exponents with the same base, subtract the exponents
Example

 Find the quotient of

 Each term in the numerator must be divided by the denominator.

 When dividing exponents with the same base, subtract the exponents
 Practice Division by a Monomial

25x3 y 2
1.
5x 2 y

(4ab)(3a 2 )(6ab2 )
2. 2 2
8a b

8x 3  16x 2  24x
3.
8x

4.1A.4
 Division by a Monomial

25x3 y 2 = 5xy
1. x≠0
5x 2 y y≠0

(4ab)(3a 2 )(6ab2 ) 72a 4 b3

2.  2 2
= - 9a2 b a≠0
2 2
8a b 8a b b≠0

8x 3  16x 2  24x
3. = x2 - 2x + 3 x≠0
8x

4.1A.4
 Practice Multiplying and Dividing Monomials

For monomial multiplication and division,

apply the exponent rules.

(6x3y2)(4x3y)

(-10xy4)(3x2y3)

16x4y5
-4xy

3.1.5
 Multiplying and Dividing Monomials

For monomial multiplication and division,

apply the exponent rules.

(6x3y2)(4x3y) = 24x6y3

(-10xy4)(3x2y3) = -30x3y7

16x4y5
-4xy = -4x3y4

3.1.5
Lesson Outline

 Manipulating Formulas
Manipulating formulas

 It is often necessary to manipulate a formula in order to

solve for a variable. The rules are the SAME as for
isolating a variable in an equation.

 Let’s look at the formula for area.

A=LxW

 Manipulate the formula to solve for length.

Lesson Outline

 Multiple Step Equations II

Steps for solving equations
 Move the variables to one side of the equation and the
numbers to the other.

 Isolate the variable using multiplication or division of the

coefficient.

 If the equation contains brackets, expand the brackets

and then collect like terms.

 If the equation contains complex fractions, multiply all

terms by the LCD to write the equation in a simpler form.
Example –

 Solve the following equation:

 There are two ways in which to solve this question:

 Method 1 – Using Fractions
 Method 2 – Getting Rid of Fractions

 Let’s work through this question together using both methods.

 Solving a Rational Equation
1. Find the LCD.
2. Multiply every term by the LCD.
3. Simplify the equation.

4 2 LCD = 12
3
12 12 12 12
x 2 2x  3
1 
4 3 6
3x + 12(1)= 4(2) + 2(2x + 3)
3x + 12 = 8 + 4x + 6
3x - 4x = 14 - 12
-x = 2
x = -2
 Practice Using Cross-Multiplication

m4 m1 When there is only one term on

 either side of the equals sign,
3 2 cross-multiply.
2(m + 4) = 3(m + 1)
2m + 8 = 3m + 3
2m - 3m = 3 - 8
-m = - 5 3 5
m=5 
n ≠ 2, -4 n 2 n4

3 3
 x≠2
2x  4 x  2
 Using Cross-Multiplication

m4 m1 When there is only one term on

 either side of the equals sign,
3 2 cross-multiply.
2(m + 4) = 3(m + 1)
2m + 8 = 3m + 3
2m - 3m = 3 - 8
-m = - 5 3 5
m=5 
n ≠ 2, -4 n 2 n4
3(n+ 4) = 5(n - 2)
3 3 3n + 12 = 5n - 10
 x≠2
3n - 5n = -10 - 12
2x  4 x  2 -2n = - 22
3(x - 2) = 3(2x - 4) n = 11
3x - 6 = 6x - 12
3x - 6x = - 12 + 6
-3x = - 6
x=2
Note: There is
no solution because
x ≠ 2.
 Practice Solving Rational Equations

x 2 x 4 x ≠ 1, - 3

x 3 x 1
 Solving Rational Equations

x 2 x 4 x ≠ 1, - 3

x 3 x 1
(x - 1)(x - 2) = (x + 3)(x + 4)
x2 - 3x + 2 = x2 + 7x + 12
-10x = 10
x = -1

23 x
6x 6x
7 3 5
 1  LCD = 6x
3x 2x 6 x≠0

2(7) + 3(3) + 6x = x(5)

14 + 9 + 6x = 5x
23 + 6x = 5x
x = - 23
Practice Solving Rational Equations
9 13
 6 8
2x  3 2x  3
Solving Rational Equations
9 13
 6 8
2x  3 2x  3
9 13
  8 6 Same denominators so
2x  3 2x  3 add the numerators.

22
2
2x  3
22 = 2(2x - 3)
22 = 4x - 6
28 = 4x
7=x
Solving Rational Equations

3 5 4
2  
x  7x  12 x  3 x  4
Solving Rational Equations
1. Factor first.
3 5 4
2   2. Find the LCD.
x  7x  12 x  3 x  4 3. Multiply every
(x-3)(x-4) (x-3)(x-4)
term by the
3 5 4 LCD.
 
(x  3)(x  4) x  3 x  4

3 + 5(x - 4) = 4(x - 3)
3 + 5x - 20 = 4x - 12
5x - 17 = 4x - 12
x=5
Last Topic
CIRCLE GEOMETRY
Lesson Outline

 Circle Properties I
Vocabulary

 Perpendicular lines – lines that intersect at right angles.

 Perpendicular bisector – a line that bisects a line segment at 90°.
 Circle – a set of points in a plane equidistant from a given point (centre of
circle).
 Radius – distance from centre to any point on the circumference of a circle
 Chord – a line segment with endpoints on the circumference of the circle
 Diameter – special chord that passes through the centre of the circle.
Images of the Vocabulary

 This image shows a chord (line  This image shows the

segment with endpoints on the circumference, radius, and
circumference of the circle. diameter of a circle.
Arcs

 Arc – a part of the circumference of a circle.

 Minor arc – less than half of the circumference of the circle
 Major arc – more than half of the circumference of the circle
 Semi-circle – exactly half of the circumference of the circle
Central or Sector Angle

 The angle shown is called a central

angle because the vertex is at the
centre of the circle.
 It can also be called a sector angle
because the angle is in the sector
of the circle.
 The measure of the angle is
defined by the size of the arc.
Central or Sector Angle Continued

 The angle is subtended by the arc.

 The word subtend means to be
opposite to or to measure off.
 The arc actually subtends two
central angles (minor arc and
major arc).
Inscribed Angle

 Angle ABC is an inscribed angle.

 The vertex is on the circumference
of the circle and the arms of the
angle are chords.
 Inscribed angles can be subtended
by minor and major arcs.
Properties of Chords

 The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre of the circle.
 A lines that passes through the centre of a circle and is perpendicular to a
chord, bisects the chord.
 A line that passes through the centre of a circle that bisects a chord is
perpendicular to the chord.
Perpendicular Bisector of Chord

This circle has the following

properties:

•centre O
•chord AC
•OB is perpendicular to AC
Problem Solving

 We can use the Pythagorean Theorem to find solve questions like this. In this
question we’re asked to find the radius.
 Draw a radius from the centre point to either Point D or Point U (shown in
red).
 Apply the Pythagorean Theorem.
a 2 + b 2 = c2
6 2 + 5 2 = c2
36 + 25 = c2
61 = c2
c = √61 = 7.8
Lesson Outline

 Circle Properties II
Angles Inscribed in a Circle

 The measure of the central angle is twice the measure of the inscribed angle
subtended by the same arc.
Angles Subtended by the Same Arc

 Inscribed angles subtended by the same arc or chord are congruent (the
same; equal)
Angles Inscribed in a Semicircle

 An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.

Lesson Outline

 Circle Properties III

Tangents to a Circle

 The Tangent-Radius Theorem states that a tangent to a circle is perpendicular

to the radius at the point of tangency.
Tangents to a Circle - Practice

 Solve for the unknown side (the question mark).