Computer Networks
Dr. Hamayun khan (PhD)
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science
Superior University, Lahore
[email protected] Any Question???
From previous lecture
IPv6
OBJECTIVES:
To discuss the concept of IP version 6.
To discuss IEEE Extended Unique Identifier (EUI-64) Format
To discuss different types of Addresses used in IPv6.
IPv6 Basics
IPv4 is 32 bits IP Address
Provide roughly 4 billion unique IP addresses
(4,294,967,296)
IPv6 is 128 bits IP Address
Provide
(340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456)
Roughly 50 octillion addresses per person alive on Earth
today
IPv6 offers the following features:
Increased Address Space and Scalability – providing the absurd number of possible
addresses stated previously.
Simplified Configuration – allows hosts to auto-configure their IPv6 addresses, based on
network prefixes advertised by routers.
Integrated Security – provides built-in authentication and encryption into the IPv6
network header
Compatibility with IPv4 – simplifies address migration, as IPv6 is backward-compatible
with IPv4
IPv6 representation
Hexadecimal notation
An example of an IPv6 address:
1254:1532:26B1:CC14:0123:1111:2222:3333
Each “grouping” (from here on called fields) of
hexadecimal digits is 16 bits, with a total of eight fields.
The hexadecimal values of an IPv6 address are not case-
sensitive.
IPv6 representation…
We can drop any leading zeros in each field of an
IPv6 address. For example, consider the following
address:
1423:0021:0C13:CC1E:3142:0001:2222:3333
We can condense this address to
1423:21:C13:CC1E:3142:1:2222:3333
IPv6 representation…
Only leading zeros can be condensed. If we have an entire
field comprised of zeros, we can further compact the
following address:
F12F:0000:0000:CC1E:2412:1111:2222:3333
The condensed address would be:
F12F::CC1E:2412:1111:2222:3333
Notice the double colons (::)
IPv6 Prefix
IPv4 utilizes a subnet mask to define the network “prefix” and “host” portions of an
address. This subnet mask can also be represented in Classless Inter-Domain Routing
(CIDR) format.
IPv6 always use CIDR notation to determine what bits notate the prefix of an address:
Full Address: 1254:1532:26B1:CC14:123:1111:2222:3333/64
Prefix ID: 1254:1532:26B1:CC14:
Host ID: 123:1111:2222:3333
The /64 indicates that the first 64 bits of this address identify the prefix.
IPv6
Determine the Prefix & Suffix of below IPv6 that always uses CIDR notation to determine
what bits notate the prefix of an address or to host:
Full Address: 1A54:1232:A6B1:CB14:123:1111:1122:3333/32
Prefix ID:?
Host ID: ?
The /32 indicates that the first 32 bits of this address identify the prefix.
IPv6
Determine the Prefix & Suffix of below IPv6 that always uses CIDR notation to determine
what bits notate the prefix of an address or to host:
Full Address: 1A54:1232:A6B1:CB14:123:1111:1122:3333/48
Prefix ID:?
Host ID: ?
IPv6
Determine the Condense IPV6 Address and Prefix of below IPv6 that always uses CIDR
notation to determine what bits notate the prefix of an address or to host:
Full Address: 1423:0021:0C13:CC1E:3142:0001:2222:3333/64
Prefix ID:?
Condense IPV6?
IPv6
Determine the Condense IPV6 Address and Suffix of below IPv6 that always uses CIDR
notation to determine what bits notate the prefix of an address or to host:
Full Address: 1423:0021:0C13:CC1E:3142:0001:2222:3333/64
Prefix ID:?
Host ID: ?
Condense IPV6?
IPv6
Determine the Condense IPV6 Address and Suffix of below IPv6 that always uses CIDR
notation to determine what bits notate the prefix of an address or to host:
Full Address: 1423:0021:0C13:CC1E:3142:0001:2222:3333/64
Prefix ID:?
Host ID: ?
Condense IPV6?
IPv6 Prefix
IPv4 utilizes a subnet mask to define the network “prefix” and “host” portions of an
address. This subnet mask can also be represented in Classless Inter-Domain Routing
(CIDR) format.
IPv6 always use CIDR notation to determine what bits notate the prefix of an address:
Full Address: 1254:1532:26B1:CC14:123:1111:2222:3333/64
Prefix ID: 1254:1532:26B1:CC14:
Host ID: 123:1111:2222:3333
The /64 indicates that the first 64 bits of this address identify the prefix.
IPv6 Prefix
IPv4 utilizes a subnet mask to define the network “prefix” and “host” portions of an
address. This subnet mask can also be represented in Classless Inter-Domain Routing
(CIDR) format.
IPv6 always use CIDR notation to determine what bits notate the prefix of an address:
Full Address: 1254:1532:26B1:CC14:123:1111:2222:3333/64
Prefix ID: 1254:1532:26B1:CC14:
Host ID: 123:1111:2222:3333
The /64 indicates that the first 64 bits of this address identify the prefix.
IPv6 Prefix
IPv4 utilizes a subnet mask to define the network “prefix” and “host” portions of an
address. This subnet mask can also be represented in Classless Inter-Domain Routing
(CIDR) format.
IPv6 always use CIDR notation to determine what bits notate the prefix of an address:
Full Address: 1254:1532:26B1:CC14:123:1111:2222:3333/64
Prefix ID: 1254:1532:26B1:CC14:
Host ID: 123:1111:2222:3333
The /64 indicates that the first 64 bits of this address identify the prefix.
Types of IPv6 Addresses
Special Addresses – addresses begin 00xx:
Link Local – addresses begin FE8x:
Site Local – addresses begin FECx:
Aggregate Global – addresses begin 2xxx: or 3xxx:
Multicasts – addresses begin FFxx:
Anycasts
Special Addresses – addresses begin
00xx:
Always begin 00xx.
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 (or ::)
– is an unspecified or unknown address. It is the equivalent of the IPv4 0.0.0.0 address,
which indicates the absence of a configured or assigned address. In routing tables, the
unspecified address is used to identify all or any possible hosts or networks.
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 (or ::1)
– is the loopback or localhost address. It is the equivalent of the IPv4 127.0.0.1 address.
Link Local – addresses begin FE8x:
Link-local IPv6 addresses are used only on a single link
(subnet).
Link-local addresses are unicasts.
Format of a link-local address:
The first 10 bits are fixed (FE8), known as the Format Prefix (FP).
The next 54 bits are set to 0.
The final 64 bits are used as the interface ID.
FE80::1311:22FF:FE22:3333/10
Site Local – addresses begin FECx:
Equivalent of “private” IPv4 addresses.
Site-local addresses can be routed within a site or organization, but cannot be globally routed
on the Internet.
Site-local addresses are unicasts.
Format:
The first 10 bits are the fixed FP (FEC).
The next 38 bits are set to 0.
The next 16 bits are used to identify the private subnet ID.
The final 64 bits are used as the interface ID.
FEC0::2731:E2FF:FE96:C283/64
Aggregate Global – addresses begin
2xxx: or 3xxx:
Equivalent of “public” IPv4 addresses.
Aggregate global addresses can be routed
publicly on the Internet.
Aggregate global addresses are unicasts.
Multicasts – addresses begin FFxx:
Equivalent of IPv4 multicast addresses.
The full multicast range is FF00 through
FFFF.
Anycasts Addresses
Anycast addresses identify a group of interfaces on
multiple hosts. Thus, multiple hosts are configured
with an identical address.
Packets sent to an anycast address are sent to the
nearest (i.e., least amount of hops) host.
Anycasts are indistinguishable from any other
IPv6 unicast address.
What were the goals of a
new IP design?
Expectation of a resurgence of “always-on” technologies
xDSL, cable, Ethernet-to-the-home, Cell-phones, etc.
Expectation of new users with multiple devices.
China, India, etc. as new growth
Consumer appliances as network devices
(1015 endpoints)
Expectation of millions of new networks.
Expanded competition and structured delegation.
(1012 sites)
Return to an End-to-End Architecture
New Technologies/Applications for Home Users
‘Always-on’—Cable, DSL, Ethernet@home, Wireless,…
Always-on Devices Need an
Address When You Call
Them
Global
Addressing
Realm
Benefits of 128 bit Addresses
Room for many levels of structured hierarchy and routing
aggregation
Easy address auto-configuration
Easier address management and delegation than IPv4
Ability to deploy end-to-end IPsec
(NATs removed as unnecessary)
Incidental Benefits of New Deployment
Chance to eliminate some complexity in IP header
improve per-hop processing
Chance to upgrade functionality
multicast, QoS, mobility
Chance to include new features
binding updates
Summary of Main IPv6 Benefits
Expanded addressing capabilities
Structured hierarchy to manage routing table growth
Serverless autoconfiguration and reconfiguration
Streamlined header format and flow identification
Improved support for options / extensions
IPv6 Markets
Home Networking
Set-top box/Cable/xDSL/Ether@Home
Residential Voice over IP gateway
Gaming (10B$ market)
Sony, Sega, Nintendo, Microsoft
Mobile devices
Consumer PC
Consumer Devices
Sony (Mar/01 - …energetically introducing IPv6 technology into hardware products …)
Enterprise PC
Service Providers
Regional ISP, Carriers, Mobile ISP, and Greenfield ISP’s
IPv6 Markets
Academic NRN:
Internet-II (Abilene, vBNS+), Canarie*3, Renater-II, Surfnet, DFN, CERNET,…
6REN/6TAP
Geographies & Politics:
Prime Minister of Japan called for IPv6 (taxes reduction)
EEC summit PR advertised IPv6 as the way to go for Europe
China Vice minister of MII deploying IPv6 with the intent to take a leadership position and
create a market force
Wireless (PDA, Mobile, Car,...):
Multiple phases before deployment
RFP -> Integration -> trial -> commercial
Requires ‘client devices’, eg. IPv6 handset ?
Outline
Protocol Background
Technology Highlights
Enhanced Capabilities
Transition Issues
Next Steps
THANKS
