Advanced manufacturing processes (ME F315)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
BITS Pilani K. K. Birla Goa campus
Instructor in charge: Dr. Biswajit Das
Office No.- E107
Tel: +91-832-2580381 (O)
BITS Pilani K. K. Birla GoaDr.campus
Manoj Kumar Pandey
Laser Beam Properties
1. Coherence: Phase correlation of 2. Monochromaticity:
wave in time and space. Spread in frequency of laser
Temporal Coherence: Phase beam is very small,
difference constant in time. Related to
spectral width of laser light, i.e. Typical 106-109 Hz,
Monochromaticity, tc = 1/ Best = 10-100Hz.
Spatial Coherence: Constant in space, White light, 1014 Hz
Low divergence of
laser beam Tight focusing of
laser beam Monochromatic & Coherence:
Incoherent beam
Perfect
Coherent
Spatially
Coherent
Perfect Coherent
Space
Spatially
Incoherent
Time
3. Directionality: Beam of finite size has certain divergence.
Only infinite size wave front will have zero divergence.
Constant illuminated beam of diameter d and wavelength has
half divergence angle 1/2 = 1.22 / d.
The best quality laser beam of beam waist size w0 , 1/2 = / w0.
For = 0.633m & w0 = 0.5mm, 1/2 = 0.4milliradian = .070.
1/2 = 1.22 / d.
Low divergence of laser beam -
d An important property for LMP.
1/2 = / w0.
w0
Gaussian Intensity
4. High Focusibility:
This is owing to low divergence of laser beam
Focal spot diameter dspot = f. = 4f. /Dr;
Smallest spot diameter for F = f/Dr = 1,
dspot . (Laser Wavelength)
5. High Brightness:
B= Laser or Source Power / [Area of Light Source . Solid Angle]
Area of Laser Beam = .wo2
Solid angle = 2 = . (/.wo)2 = 2/.wo2
B= PL / 2
Comparison with the Brightness of Sun
Brightness of Sun Bs= / 2 = σ T4 /2
= 5.67×10−12 × (6,000)4 / 2
= 1.2×103 Watt / cm2 / Sr
1mW He-Ne Laser, = 633 nm
BL = 2.5x105 W/cm2/Sr.
1mW He-Ne Laser is ~200 times brighter than Sun
Never direct Laser Beam to Eyes!!
6. High Power & High Power density:
Laser Power (CW) = mW- 10’s kW
Pulse Energy = mJ- 10’sJ in ms- 10’s fs
Peak powers = kW – TW (1012W)
Typical Focal spot ~ 10- 100m
Power density on a spot = 106 - 1017 W/cm2
Any material can be melted and evaporated, even formed plasma with a
focused laser beam.
5kW CO2 Laser
Sun's light irradiance
Power Density at
at ground 1 kW/m2
focus, f = 100mm
~ 6x107W/cm2
Typical : 300W/cm2
at focus, f =100mm 2x105times higher
7. Wide range of Laser Operation Mode in Time Domain:
Continuous Wave, Free Laser Oscillation :
Millisecond Pulses, Solid State Lasers : 1-20ms
Microsecond, Q-switch : 10’s ns
Nanosecond, Mode-locking : ns- ps
Picosecond down to
Laser pulse compression : 10’s fs
a few Femto second :
TEA CO2 Laser : Microsecond
Light beam of a few Oscillation & It travels only a few
micron distance during this time interval.
All events are almost frozen in this time duration!
Problem
You are handling a 1kW continuous wave of 10.6 µm. Laser beam diameter
given as 15 mm and beam quality M2=5 is known. It is focused on a metal
surface with a lens of 250 mm focal length. Complex refractive index given
as=4+5i.
(a) Laser power reflected from surface?
(b) Material depth upto which laser beam reduces by 50%?
(c) Amount of laser power absorbed in 25 nm thickness.
(d) Divergence of the laser beam?
(e) Brightness of laser beam?
(f) Focal spot diameter in surface?
(g) Laser power density at the surface?
Laser cutting problem
A 3 mm thick steel sheet is to be cut with a 1kW fiber laser using oxygen gas
assist. The focal spot size of laser is 200 µm at the surface.
The material properties are as follows:
Density=7800 Kg/m3, Cp=460 J/KgK, Melting temperature=1750K, latent heat
of fusion=275kJ/kg, thermal conductivity, K=20 W/m2K.
If 80% laser power is coupled with the sheet and the exothermic reaction adds
40% of the absorbed laser power in the cutting process, what will be maximum
cutting speed? Estimate severance energy of steel. Show that conduction heat
loss during cutting process is negligible.
Thank you
for
your patience
