Presented By: Gaurav Bansal CSE-A3

www.powerpointpresentationon.blogspot.com

The Domain Name System Overview

What is DNS?? DNS HIERARCHY TYPES OF NAME SERVERS How to Access a Web Page?? TYPES OF DNS QUERIES DNS CACHING Why not Centralize DNS??

 The domain name system is usually used to translate a host name into an IP address.

Domain names comprise a hierarchy so that names are unique, yet easy to remember.

 An address is how you get to an endpoint

o

Often hierarchical, which helps with scaling

950 Charter Street, Redwood City CA, 94063 +1.650.381.6003 204.152.187.11

A name is how an endpoint is referenced

o

Often with no structurally significant hierarchy

David, Tokyo, itu.int,google.com.

Names are more people-friendly.

 Devices on the telephone network all have a number

o
o o

People have a hard time remembering numbers, but The network needs the numbers to connect endpoints So a directory provides association of names people know with the numbers where they can be reached
The DNS takes names people can relate to and converts them into the numbers computers need to interact.

Computers on the Internet all have a number

o

This analogy has a crucial flaw: The DNS is not a directory service.
o

There is no way to search the data.

root zone

gTLDs & ccTLDs

2lds

3lds

4lds

DNS vs File System

Naming a Domain Naming a Directory

Start Here

Start Here

yahoo.com.au.
A . is used as separator

C:\windows\system32\drivers\
A \ is used as separator

ROOT NAME SERVERS TOP-LEVEL DOMAIN(TLD) NAME SERVERS AUTHORITATIVE NAME SERVERS LOCAL NAME SERVERS

 contacted by local name server that can not resolve name root name server: o contacts authoritative name server if name mapping not known o gets mapping o returns mapping to local name server
a Verisign, Dulles, VA c Cogent, Herndon, VA (also LA) d U Maryland College Park, MD g US DoD Vienna, VA h ARL Aberdeen, MD
j Verisign, ( 21 locations)

k RIPE London (also 16 other locations) i Autonomica, Stockholm (plus 28 other locations) m WIDE Tokyo (also Seoul, Paris, SF)

e NASA Mt View, CA f Internet Software C. Palo Alto,

CA (and 36 other locations)

13 root name servers worldwide

b USC-ISI Marina del Rey, CA l ICANN Los Angeles, CA

 Top-level domain (TLD) servers: responsible for com, org, net, edu, etc, and all top-level country domains uk, fr, ca, jp.
o o

Network solutions maintains servers for com TLD Educause for edu TLD

Authoritative DNS servers: organizations DNS servers, providing authoritative hostname to IP mappings for organizations servers (e.g., Web and mail).
o

Can be maintained by organization or service provider

 Each ISP (residential ISP, company, university) has one.

o

Also called default name server

When a host makes a DNS query, query is sent to its local DNS server
o o

Acts as a proxy, forwards query into hierarchy. Reduces lookup latency for commonly searched hostnames

 When You type http://www.google.com into your web browser and hit enter. What happens now?

Step 1: Your PC sends a resolution request to its configured DNS Server, typically at your ISP.

Tell me the Address of www.google.com

Step 2: Your ISPs recursive name server starts by asking one of the root servers predefined in its hints file.
Tell me the Address of www.google.com

I dont know the address but I know whos authoritative for the com domain ask them

Step 3: Your ISPs recursive name server then asks one of the com name servers as directed.
Tell me the Address of www.google.com

I dont know the address but I know whos authoritative for the google.com domain ask them

Step 4: Your ISPs recursive name server then asks one of the google.com name servers as directed.
Tell me the Address of www.google.com

The Address of www.google.com is 216.239.53.99

Step 5: ISP DNS server then send the answer back to your PC. The DNS server will remember the answer for a period of time.

The Address of www.google.com is 216.239.53.99

Step 6: Your PC can then make the actual HTTP request to the web server.
Send me the www.google.com.au web page

Here it is!

ALL-IN-ONE

The actual web request DNS

 There are two types of queries:

o o

Recursive queries Iterative (non-recursive) queries

The type of query is determined by a bit in the DNS query

Recursive query: When the name server of a host cannot resolve a query, the server issues a query to resolve the query Iterative queries: When the name server of a host cannot resolve a query, it sends a referral to another server to the resolver

 In a recursive query, the resolver expects the response from the name server

If the server cannot supply the answer, it will send the query to the closest known authoritative name server (here: In the worst case, the closest known server is the root server)
The root sever sends a referral to the edu server. Querying this server yields a referral to the server of virginia.edu and so on

 In an iterative query, the name server sends a closest known authoritative name server a referral to the root server. This involves more work for the resolver

 Caching can substantially reduce overhead

The top-level Domain servers very rarely change Popular sites (e.g., www.google.com) visited often Once (any) name server learns mapping, it caches mapping o cache entries timeout (disappear) after some time o TLD servers typically cached in local name servers
o o

Thus root name servers not often visited

single point of failure traffic volume distant centralized database maintenance

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Domain_name_ system http://www.livinginternet.com/i/iw_dns.htm http://www.centr.org Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities, P. Mockapetris Role of the Domain Name System (DNS)-O'Reilly