INDEX
1. Health and Disease
2. infectious and non infectious
3. Pathogen
4. Common infectious disease
Bacterial
Viral
Protozoan
Helminthic
Prevention Measure
Bibliography
HEALTH
It is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.
* Balanced diet, personal hygiene and regular exercise
are very important to maintain good health.” the factor which affect human health are:
•Genetic duorders
•Infection
•lifestyle.
DISEASE
It involves adversely affected functioning of one or more organ or system of the body
which is characterized by various signs and symptoms. Disease can be divided broadly
into two following categories depending on the mode of transmission
Infectious disease: which can easily transmitted from one affected person to
another healthy person These disease are usually caused by bacteria ,virus , fungi etc.
Ex. - AIDS, common cold etc.
Non- Infectious Disease
A disease that does not spread via a simple touch, water droplets from
the mouth, skin-to-skin contact, or any other mode of contact with the
diseased person is called a non-infectious disease. Examples of non-
infectious diseases are: Diabetes mellitus. Cancer.
Pathogen
Disease causing organisms are called pathogens. Ex. Virus, bacteria,
protozoan , Helminthis
*Infectious disease can be divided into categories based on the type of
pathogen
Infectious Disease
1. Bacterial
2. Protozoan
3. Helminthis
4.Fungal
5. Viral
Common Infectious Disease
Bacterial
Typhoid is caused bacterium salmonella typhae
(a) “s. Typhae” enters the small intestine through food and water
contaminated with them and migrated to other organs through food.
(b) Intertinal perforation and death may occur in severe cases
(C) symptoms are high fever (39-40°C) weakness , stomach pain, constipation,
headache, and loss of appetite
(d) Widal test such is a confirmation that for typhoid
(e) Mary mallon Nick named thphoid. Mary was a cook by profession and was
a typhoid carrier who spread typhoid for several years through the food she
prepared
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is caused by steptococcus pneumonia and thermophilus influenzas
These bacteria infect alveoli of the lungs. The alveoli get filled with fluid causing
decrease in respiratory efficiency of the lungs.
1. Premonin spread by inhaling droplets/ airosol from infected individual or even by
sharing glases and utensils with parents
Symptoms of pneumonia are fever, chill, cough, headache, increased pulse and
respiratory rate etc.
1. (1)In severe cases, the lips and finger nail may turn grey to Fluish colour.
Dysentery, plague, diptheria are some examples of bacterial disease
Viral Disease
Common cold occurs due to group of viruses called Rhinovirus
(a) These viruses infect the nose and respiratory passage it does not effect
langs
(1 ) common cold & characterised by nasal
Congestion and discharge, sore throat, rorseness , cough, headache, tiredness etc. Which
te generally not for 3-7 days.
C) The infection occur due to cough or sneeze of an infected person, either inhaled directly
, transmitted through contaminated object such as pen, cook, cups, computer keyboard or
mouse etc.
.Chickenpox , Herpes, Influenza, AIDS, Mumps, Measles, Viral Hepatitis.
Protozoan Disease
Malaria is caused by a protozoan, plasmodium ex. ( P. Vivax, P. Malarie and P.-falciperum )
(a) P. Falciparum cause most serious kind of malaria i.e. Malignant malaria, which can be
fatal.
Female anopheles mosquito is the vector of plasmodium, which tranfers the sporozoites
in human body through the bite
(i) life cycle of plasmbatum is given below
the malarial parasite required two host To complete le life cycle (human and mosquito
Plasmodium occur/inter the humans body as sporozoites through the site of infected
female anopheles mosquito
Asexual life cycle of parasite occur in two phases first is
liver and asexual in RBC’s parasite initially multiply with in
the liver cells, then attack the RBC causing there rupture.
Rupture of RBC’s release a toxic substance called
“Haemozoin”, which causes chill and high fever, recurring
every 3-4 days.
When a healthy female anopheles mosquito bite an infected
persen, gametocytes enter the mosquito’s body and undergo
further development to form male and female gamets
The gametes fuse and form zygote which further divide
to form many sporozoites in the intestine of mosquito
These sporozoites are stored in the salivary gland of
mosquito.
when the mosquito’s bite a human, the sporozoites are
introduced to his/her body, repeating the events
mentioned above.
(d) Animalarial Drugs used for the treatment of malaria
are quinesis and chloroquin
(e) Malais can be prevented by killing mosquito by
spraying DDT, BMC.
Amoebiasis
It is caused by an intestinal endoparasite, entamoeba histolytica, which is
found in the large intestine of humans
Carrier of pathogen Is housefly. It transmit the parasite from faeces of
infected person to the food, there by contaminating them
Infection take place mainly throw the contaminated food and water
Symptoms are abdominal pain , constipation, cramps, stool with excess mucus
and blood clot.
Calaazar, sleeping sickness, ascarias are some other protozoan disease
Fungal Disease
Ringwarm is caused by many fungi is genera microsporum trichophyton and
epidermophyton
Infection occurs through contact with an infected person or from through the
use of towel, clothes, comb etc. Of an infected person.
Heat and moisture help these fungs to grow in regions like skin folds as in the
groin or between the toes.
Symptoms Of ringwarm includes appearance dry scaly lesions on various part of
the body such as skin , nails and scalp accompanied by intense itching.
Helminthic Disease
Ascariasis is caused by an intestinal Indoparasite of human, ascaris
lumbricoides commonly called Roundworm
Infection occur at the egg of parasites are exerted along with faecs of
infected person which contaminates soil water plant etc.
Infection reaches to human through contaminated Vegetable fruit and
water egg of parasite develop into Larva which spread in the body
along with the Float flow
Symptoms includes disease are abdominal pain , mascular pain ,
indigestion,fever , anaemia due to internal bleeding, nausea,
headache and blockage of intestinal passage.
> Filariasis/Elephantiasis is caused by filarial worms wichereria Bancrofti
and –wuchereria malayi. It is chronic inflammation of the organ
(a) Culex mosquito is the vecto.
(b) Genital organ also get affected leading to their gross deformities.
(C) Symptoms include inflammation of organ in which they live for many years
normally effect lymph vessels of lower limbs resulting in swalling . This condition
is called Elephantatis
Prevention Measuer’s
Prevention measures to avoid infectious disease are:
Maintainance of personal and public hygiene, is important.
Personal hygiene includes keeping the body clean, consumption of
clean drinking water, food vegetable fruit etc.
Public hygiene includes proper disposal of waste excrete, periodic
cleaning and disinfection of water reservoir, pool, cesspools and tank.
Eradication of vectors and destroying their breeding sites, can
prevent those disease which acquire weeks for their transmission
such as malaria, Dengue, chikungeneya and flariasis etc.
In order to kill vectors, natural predators can be used ex gambusis
fish feed on mosquito larva
