Geologic Processes

and Hazards
Earthquake @ Cebu City on October 15, 2013 8:15 am
How do geological processes
occur?
Geological processes are
naturally occurring events
that directly or indirectly
impact the geology of the
Earth.
Examples of geological
processes include events such
as plate tectonics, weathering,
earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, mountain formation,
deposition, erosion, droughts,
flooding, and landslides.
How about Geologic Hazards?

Geologic hazard is an
extreme natural event in
the crust of the earth that
poses a threat to life and
property
example, earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions,
tsunamis (tidal waves),
and landslides.
Earthquake
Is the minimal to rapid
shaking of the ground
due to the movement of
rocks along faults on
earth’s crust.
 ENERGY
PLATE ROCKS IS
EARTHQU
MOVE BREAK AKE
RELEASED
Listed below are the hazards caused by
an earthquake:
A. Ground shaking is one of the
hazards resulting from earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, and landslides.
Ground shaking is both a hazard
created by earthquakes and the
trigger for other hazards such as
liquefaction and landslides.
Surface faulting is
displacement that reaches
the earth's surface during
slip along a fault.
Landslide is defined as the
movement of a mass of rock, debris,
or earth down a slope. Landslides
are a type of "mass wasting," which
denotes any down-slope movement
of soil and rock under the direct
influence of gravity.
Liquefaction describes the way in
which soil liquefies during ground
shaking. Liquefaction can undermine
the foundations and supports of
buildings, bridges, pipelines, and
roads, causing them to sink into the
ground, collapse, or dissolve.
Tsunamis are giant waves
caused by earthquakes or
volcanic eruptions under the
sea. It can injure or kill many
people and cause significant
damage to buildings and other
structures.
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
occurs when magma is
released from a
volcano.
 VOLCANIC HAZARDS

A. TEPHRA-consists of pyroclastic
fragments
B. PYROCLASTIC FLOW - is a
dense, fast-moving flow of
solidified lava pieces, volcanic
ash, and hot gases.
C. LAHAR is an Indonesian term that
describes a hot or cold mixture of
water and rock fragments that flows
down the slopes of a volcano and
typically enters a river valley.
D. LAVA DOMES are formed by
viscous magma being erupted
effusively onto the surface and then
piling up around the vent.
E. FLOOD-is an overflow of water
that submerges land that is usually
dry. Floods can look very different
because flooding covers anything
from a few inches of water to several
feet.
F. POISONOUS GASES-the gases that
are released during a volcanic eruption,
come from deep within the Earth.
Pre- Assessment
1. What refers to the movement of rock down a slope?
A. debris
B. landslide
C. tsunami
D. wave

2. Which among the following human activities DOES NOT speed up or trigger landslide?
A. displacement of rock or excavation
B. mining
C. overloading slopes
D. planting of trees

3. Which of the following can trigger a landslide?

A. car accident
B. earthquake
C. fire in a house
D. wind howl

• hu
4. What refers to the exposure, processing and recording of archaeological
remains?
A. excavation
B. land pollution
C. mining
D. quarrying

5. What do you call the human activity that trigger landslides using explosives?
A. excavation
B. land use
C. mining
D. quarrying

6. What can you hear when there is a sudden landslide?

A. explosives
B. loud noise
C. rainwater
7. What makes road construction a possible cause of a
landslide?
A. lack of personal safety gears
B. poor sanitation among workers
C. slope excavation
D. use of heavy equipment
8. Which of the following is NOT an example of land use?
A. farming
B. house construction
C. quarrying
D. surfing
9. What should be the initial reaction when there is a
landslide?
A. call the emergency hotline
B. move away from the slope
C. scream loudly
D. take a picture and post in internet
10. Which among the following can trigger a landslide even
if there is no human activity present in an area?
A. forest fire
B. gravity
C. lighting
D. thunder
Geologic Process
• are naturally occurring events that
directly or indirectly impact the geology
of the Earth.
• Geological processes can be described
as natural forces that shape the
physical makeup of a planet.
HAZARD
Are phenomena ( natural or
man-made) which poses
threat to humans, animals,
properties and environment.
Classification of Hazards
a.Natural
- Earthquakes
-Volcanic Eruptions
- Landslides
- Tsunamis
-Climate/ Weather Hazard
b. Anthropogenic
- Deforestation
- mining
- Climate Change
Landslide
is the movement of rock
down a slope
•this is a natural hazard, but
human activities may speed
up or trigger its occurrences
Human activities that speed up or trigger
landslide:

a. Overloading slopes
b. Mining (uses explosives
underground)
c. Excavation or displacement of
rocks.
d. Land use - construction
e. Quarrying
f. Land pollution/ land
degradation
g. Excavation of
archaeological remains
h. Cutting Trees
Effect of Landslides
• Property damage, injury and death
• Water supplies, fisheries, sewage
disposal system, forests, dams, road
ways
Negative economic effects
• Cost to repair structures, loss of
property value, disruption of transpo
routes, medical costs and indirect cost
Some precautionary measures to observe
and follow in preparing for landslides:
a. Stay alert and awake. Many debris-flow
fatalities occur when people are sleeping.
b. If you are in areas susceptible to landslides
and debris flows, consider leaving if it is safe
to do so.
c. Listen for any unusual sounds that might
indicate moving debris, such as trees
cracking or boulders knocking together.
d. If you are near a stream or channel, be
alert for any sudden increase or decrease
in water flow and for a change from clear
to muddy water.
e. Be especially alert when driving.
Bridges may be washed out, and culverts
overtop.
f. Be aware that strong shaking from
earthquakes can induce or intensify the
effects of landslides.
Hazard Map
•Illustrates the areas that are
exposed or prone to a
particular hazard.
Used to mitigate the potential
negative effects of hazards
• Davao Oriental are at risk
to hazard due to
Philippine Trench and
nearby active faults,
while La Union and
Pangasinan are due
Manila Trench. Moreover,
Benguet, La Union, Nueva
Vizcaya, Eastern
Pangasinan and Nueva
Ecija is due its location
along the Philippine fault
Zone. (Center for
Environmental
Geomatics- Manila
Observatory, 2005)
• First on the rank with the
highest risk is Camiguin
because the land area
was so small. If volcanic
eruption may occur, the
whole province can be
affected. Sulu ranks
second because it has
the greatest number of
active and dangerous
volcanoes. (Center for
Environmental
Geomatics- Manila
Observatory, 2005)
• Most of the provinces in the
Cordillera Administrative
Region are included in the
list of top 10 landslide-
prone areas in the
Philippines. Because the
entire region is situated in
and around Cordillera
Mountain ranges. So, after
massive and continuous
rain or earthquakes, certain
areas on the hills and
mountains become delicate
and weak which makes the
region exposed to landslides
as well as to other provinces
that is why their area is
classified as rugged and
mountainous with
prominent flat lands.
Quiz
1. Which of the following is NOT an effect of landslide?
A. damage to property
B. death
C. extreme heat
D. injury

2. What refers to the use of explosives underground?

A. excavation
B. land pollution
C. mining
D. quarrying
3. What refers to the movement of rock down a slope?
A. debris
B. landslide
C. tsunami
D. wave

4. What will you do when there is a sudden landslide?

A. stay cool
B. wait for the rescue
C. call the neighbor
D. stay alert and awake

5. What makes railway and building construction a possible cause of a landslide?

A. slope excavation
B. use of heavy equipment
C. lack of personal safety gears
D. poor sanitation among workers
6. Which among the following human activities speed up or trigger landslide?
A. cooking
B. mining
C. planting of trees
D. watering the plants

7. Which of the following is an example geologic hazard?

A. earthquakes
B. climate change
C. deforestation
D. mining

8. Which of the following maps is used to identify a place that is prone to disaster?
A. hazard
B. physical
C. resource
D. topographic
9. How do you classify climate- and weather-related hazards?
A. anthropogenic
B. biological
C. chemical
D. natural
10.Which of the following geologic features makes the
provinces of La Union and Pangasinan are at risk to
earthquakes?
A. Iba Fault
B. Lianga Fault
C. Manila Fault
D. Tablas Fault
“We Will Survive”
 Procedure:
1.Divide the class into three (3) groups.
2.Every group will be given a picture of the
different geologic processes for you to
analyze. Answer the given guide
questions.
3.Present to the class in a creative way the
group output.
Criteria:
Content = 50%
Correctness = (25%)
Completeness= (25%)

Presentation= 50%
Comprehensiveness=
(20%)
Creativity= (20%)
Plus points:
• There should be sounds of an
animal before or after presentation.
Guide Questions:
1.What disaster occurred in
the picture? What may
happen if this hazard
occurs?
2.If you witness this scenario
what will you do?
3.If you live near the area in
the picture, how would you
make yourself, family and
neighbors safe?
Guide Questions:
1.What disaster occurred in
the picture? What may
happen if this hazard
occurs?
2.If you witness this scenario
what will you do?
3.If you live near the area in
the picture, how would you
make yourself, family and
neighbors safe?
Guide Questions:
1.What disaster occurred in
the picture? What may
happen if this hazard
occurs?
2.If you witness this scenario
what will you do?
3.If you live near the area in
the picture, how would you
make yourself, family and
neighbors safe?
What should you do in order to
lessen/avoid the impacts of
hazards?
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V E
O R
L U
C P
A T
N I
I O
C N
V E
BEFORE
O R 1.Animals can often predict volcanic
L U eruptions, so if you see animals acting
C P strangely, be ready to evacuate.
2.Watch the news or listen to the radio for
A T announcement.
N I 3.Prepare food, water, flashlights and masks
I O in case of emergency
C N
V E
O R
L U
C P DURING
A T 1.Wear a mask
2.stay inside the evacuation center
N I
until it is safe to go outside
I O 3.avoid low places
C N
V E
O R
L U
C
AFTER
P 1. Wear a mask when going back to your house
A T and when cleaning your house
2.Wait for further announcement related to
N I volcano activities
I O 3.Check your house for damages to know if it is
still safe for you to live in.
C N
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