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L2 MLB 110 DNA REPLICATION and Protein Synt 1

DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA when it divides. It involves several key steps: 1) The DNA unwinds at the origin of replication and replication forks are formed. 2) RNA primers are synthesized by RNA polymerase to initiate DNA synthesis. 3) DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the primers in the 5' to 3' direction to elongate the DNA strands. 4) The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized in fragments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined together. 5) Proofreading ensures any errors are corrected before the new DNA is complete.

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68 views9 pages

L2 MLB 110 DNA REPLICATION and Protein Synt 1

DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA when it divides. It involves several key steps: 1) The DNA unwinds at the origin of replication and replication forks are formed. 2) RNA primers are synthesized by RNA polymerase to initiate DNA synthesis. 3) DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the primers in the 5' to 3' direction to elongate the DNA strands. 4) The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized in fragments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined together. 5) Proofreading ensures any errors are corrected before the new DNA is complete.

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maxwell amponsah
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© © All Rights Reserved
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DNA REPLICATION

• DNA replication is the process by which the genome's DNA is


copied in cells.

• Replication increases the DNA copies in the cells

• The entire genome is copied so that each new daughter cell


ends up with its own complete genome
PROCESS/STEPS IN DNA REPLICATION
1. Recognition of initiation point
- Starts at specific point called origin of replication (OR)
- Replication fork forms at OR
- OR is a nucleotide sequence of 100 to 200 pairs of bases.
- Specific initiation proteins recognize the initiation site on DNA
- Such proteins along with DNA directed RNA polymerase initiate the
synthesis of RNA primer
- RNA primer – responsible for the formation of DNA chain.
*IN prokaryotes – only one replication fork
*In Eukaryotes – several replication forks are formed
2. Unwinding of DNA –

• DNA duplex molecule is cut open (nicked) to form a bubble or fork


• unwinding proteins get attached at the point of nick
• Separation of the strands of the DNA duplex occurs
• Unwinding occurs in the presence of DNA HELICASE an enzyme.

3. Template DNA –
• The single stranded DNA on which the new DNA is synthesized is
called template DNA.
4. RNA Primer –

• RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA primer on template DNA


• In the absence of RNA primer the DNA replication is irregular.

5. Chain Elongation –

• New DNA strand is formed due to DNA polymerase III enzyme


• This enzyme adds nucleotides in 5’ to 3’ direction
• This activity of DNA polymerase is called polymerizing.
6. Replication forks –

• LEADING STRAND
- The strand of nascent DNA
- It is synthesized in the same direction as the growing replication fork.
- The synthesis of leading strand is continuous.

• LAGGING STRAND
- is the strand of new DNA whose direction is opposite to the direction of the growing
replication fork
- Replication of the lagging strand is more complicated
• It is synthesized in short, separated segments, which are then joined together by DNA ligase
to form a continuous DNA strand.

• OKAZAKI FRAGMENT
- Short pieces synthesized DNA on the lagging strand.

*Replication can be unidirectional or bi directional.


7. Proof reading –

• Errors made during the replication may lead to mutation


• The DNA polymerase I and polymerase III act as proof readers of the
newly formed DNA
• They move along the new synthesized DNA, read mistakes formed
due to improper base pairing

8. Removal of RNA primer and completion of DNA strand


• The RNA primer is removed by DNA polymerase I which synthesizes
a short segment of complimentary DNA to seal the gap
• Polymerase I remove the primer one nucleotide at a time and replace it
with complimentary deoxyribonucleotide.
9. Joining of fragments –

• Fragments are joined by DNA ligase


• A phosphodiesterase bond if formed between 3’ OH end of the
growing strand and 5’ end of the okazaki fragment.
DNA replication animations
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RLhwrFEtDEs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jslVQDGkLU
Protein Synthesis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8wAwLwJAGHs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKIpDtJdK8Q

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