Control Valve

What is Control Valve

• The valve is a controlled device that regulates the flow of a liquid or
gas in a system. This regulation is accomplished by the varying
resistance that the valve introduces into the system as the valve is
stroked.
• The valve is very important to the operation of the system. Without a
properly sized valve the system will never operate at an efficient level.
For valves that are oversized the result is poor controllability that may
cause the system to hunt or cycle.
 Rangeability
Thus the installed Rangeability of a control valve may be defined
as the ratio of its maximum controllable flow to its minimum
controllable flow.
Hysteresis
• The maximum difference in output value for any single input value
during a calibration cycle, excluding errors due to dead band.
Flow characteristics of control valve
 Inherent Control Valve Flow Characteristics
• The most common characteristics are shown in the figure above. The percent of flow
through the valve is plotted against valve stem position.
These curves are based on constant pressure drop across the valve and are
called inherent flow characteristics.
• Linear - flow capacity increases linearly with valve travel.
• Equal percentage - flow capacity increases exponentially with valve trim travel.
Equal increments of valve travel produce equal percentage changes in the existing C v.
• A modified parabolic characteristic is approximately midway between linear and
equal-percentage characteristics. It provides fine throttling at low flow capacity and
approximately linear characteristics at higher flow capacity.
• Quick opening provides large changes in flow for very small changes in lift. It usually
has too high a valve gain for use in modulating control. So it is limited to on-off
service, such as sequential operation in either batch or semi-continuous processes.
• Hyperbolic
• Square Root
Control Valve Component
A valve is a mechanical device that controls the flow of fluid and pressure
within a system or process. A valve controls system or process fluid flow and
pressure by performing any of the following functions:

• Stopping and starting fluid flow

• Varying (throttling) the amount of fluid flow

• Controlling the direction of fluid flow

• Regulating downstream system or process pressure

• Relieving component or piping over pressure

 Valve Body
• The body, sometimes called the shell, is the primary pressure
boundary of a valve. It serves as
• the principal element of a valve assembly because it is the framework
that holds everything together.

Valve Bonnet
• The cover for the opening in the valve body is the bonnet. In some
designs, the body itself is
• split into two sections that bolt together. Like valve bodies, bonnets
vary in design. Some
• bonnets function simply as valve covers, while others support valve
internals and accessories
• such as the stem, disk, and actuator.
 Valve Trim
• The internal elements of a valve are collectively referred to as a valve's trim.
The trim typically
• includes a disk, seat, stem, and sleeves needed to guide the stem. A valve's
performance is
• determined by the disk and seat interface and the relation of the disk position
to the seat.
Stem
• The stem, which connects the actuator and disk, is responsible for
positioning the disk.
• Stems are typically forged and connected to the disk by threaded or welded
joints.
• For valve designs requiring stem packing or sealing to prevent leakage, a
fine surface finish of the stem in the area of the seal is necessary. Typically, a
stem is not considered a pressure boundary part.
 Valve Actuator
• The actuator operates the stem and disk assembly. An actuator may be a
manually operated handwheel, manual lever, motor operator, solenoid
operator, pneumatic operator, or hydraulic ram.
• In some designs, the actuator is supported by the bonnet. In other designs, a
yoke mounted to the bonnet supports the actuator.
• Except for certain hydraulically controlled valves, actuators are outside of the
pressure boundary.
• Yokes, when used, are always outside of the pressure boundary.
Valve Packing
• Most valves use some form of packing to prevent leakage from the space
between the stem and the bonnet.
• Packing is commonly a fibrous material (such as flax) or another compound
(such as teflon) that forms a seal between the internal parts of a valve and the
outside where the stem extends through the body.
Glob Valve
Needle Valve
Pinch Valve
• Pinch valves, the simplest valve design, include any valve with a
flexible elastomer body that can be pinched close to cut off flow, using
a mechanism or fluid pressure.
• They are linear motion valves that can be used to start, stop and
throttle media through a system. Pinch valves are low maintenance,
low weight, and can be used in systems requiring explosion-proof line
closure.
• While the design of pinch valves provides extensive advantages for
use in sterile lines and in situations where product purity is a high
priority, these same design features do create some disadvantages. Due
to their elastomeric bodies, pinch valves are not viable in situations
where the transport media is at a high temperature. They are also not
recommended for services that require high-pressure flow, and for use
with gases.
Ball Valve
 Advantages
Requires only 1/4th turn to operate.
• Excellent for shut-off application & preferred over gate & globe valve (for sizes < 60 mm)
• Ease of operation
• Supports & sustain high P (<10,000 psi), T (<200 C) & Q (flow).
• Long service life.
• Better sealing.
• Sturdy device.
• Relatively low cost.
• Inspection & repair of seats & seals can be done without removing of valve body from the
pipeline.
Disadvantages
• Flow control is not possible.
• Tightens with age, implies require more maintenance.
• Regular replacement of seal is required.
• Abrasive solids will damage seal & ball surface.
Gate Valve
Solenoid Valve
Diaphragm Valve
Butterfly Valve
Control Valve summary
• Gate valves are generally used in systems where low flow resistance for a fully open valve
is desired and there is no need to throttle the flow.

• Globe valves are used in systems where good throttling characteristics and low seat leakage
are desired and a relatively high head loss in an open valve is acceptable.

• Ball valves allow quick, quarter turn on-off operation and have poor throttling
characteristics.

• Plug valves are often used to direct flow between several different ports through use of a
single valve.

• Diaphragm valves and pinch valves are used in systems where it is desirable for the entire
operating mechanism to be completely isolated from the fluid.

• Butterfly valves provide significant advantages over other valve designs in weight,
space, and cost for large valve applications.
• Check valves automatically open to allow flow in one direction and
seat to prevent flow in the reverse direction.

• A stop check valve is a combination of a lift check valve and a globe

valve and incorporates the characteristics of both.

• Safety/relief valves are used to provide automatic overpressurization

protection for a system.
Control valve positioners
4-20 ma

Þ Ý

Positioner
Set Point Controller

Actuator
Sensor

Valve
Automated Control Loop
Mechanical Valve Positioner
Electrical Valve Positioner