STRUCTURE &
BONDING
- ABHIRAJ LAD
METALLIC BOND
• Electrostatic forces of attraction between positively charged metal ions embedded in a sea
of negatively charged mobile electrons.
• Metals are electropositive when two metals bond; their valence electrons get delocalized
electron sea.
• Valence electrons does not belong to any one
atom metallic bond.
• Characteristic properties of the metals are
attributable to the delocalized character of
valence electrons.
VAN DER WAALS FORCES
• Van der Waals forces include attraction and repulsions between atoms, molecules, as well
as other intermolecular forces.
• Distance-dependent interaction forces.
• Weak forces as compared to other forces.
HYDROGEN BONDING
• Attractive forces that binds a hydrogen atom; covalently attached to a strongly
electronegative atom of a molecule with another electronegative atom of some other
molecule Hydrogen bond.
• Hydrogen bond is represented by ………
NATURE OF BOND
Nature of bond between two atoms depends on the
value of electronegativity differences.
Electronegativity of two atoms are same
Homonuclear molecule: H-H, Cl-Cl covalent bond (non-polar)
Electronegativity difference value between two atoms is relatively small Bond
formed between two atoms is covalent with some ionic character (polar)
Electronegativity difference value between two atoms is large Complete
transfer of electrons from A to B A and B will be purely ionic i.e. A+B-
COVALENT CHARACTER OF IONIC BOND
Polarity: Polarity is the distribution of electrical charge among the atoms connected by a
chemical bond.
Seperation of electric charge molecule develops a positive and a negative end
molecule develops a electric dipole moment.
Dipole moment arises due to difference in electronegativities.
Suppose molecule AB develops electric dipole moment then polar covalent molecules
have two poles separated by a definite distance; represented as, q x 1 = µ
Dipole moment helps to predict the shape and symmetry of molecule.
COVALENT CHARACTER OF IONIC BOND
Cation and anion brought closer type of bond formed depends on effect of one ion on
other.
Cation attracts the electron cloud of anion but repels the nucleus of anion.
Combined effect of this attraction and repulsion electron cloud of anion gets
elongated towards cation.
This distortion is called polarization of anion by cation & anion is polarized.
The electron cloud of cation is also distorted by anion i.e. Cation is also polarized
but this polarization is negligible.
Extent of anion distortion or polarization depends on the power of cation i.e. polarizing
power & susceptibility of an anion to distortion is called polarizability.
COVALENT CHARACTER OF IONIC BOND
Conditions for bond
characterization:
When polarizing power of
With increasing
cations and polarizability
If polarization is less, polarization, cations &
of anions is more,
formation of ionic bond anions tend to overlap,
formation of covalent
results. formation covalent bond
character in ionic bond
results.
results.
COVALENT CHARACTER OF IONIC BOND
The extent of polarization is thus a measure of tendency of system or molecule to attain covalent
character.
The extent of polarization is given by certain rules called Fajans rule.
According to Fajans rule, covalent bonding is favoured by
1) small cation size 2) large anion size 3) large charges on either ion 4) cation
having 18 electrons in the outer shell.
LEWIS DOT-CROSS STRUCTURES
• Lewis introduced electronic theory to explain covalent bonding between atoms with help
of dot & cross.
• The representation depicts shared pair of electrons & octet rule.
• Doesn’t explain about bonding & behaviour of molecule.
STEPS FOR LEWIS DOT-CROSS STRUCTURES
1. Formation of skeleton structure
• Symbols of atoms
• Least electronegative or most electropositive – central position of a molecule.
2. Total valence electron count
• Addition of valence electrons of all the atoms in a molecule.
3. Distribution of electrons to surrounding atoms
• Assign electrons to satisfy octet including bond pair to central atom.
4. Inspection of formal charges
• For positively charged ions subtract one electron for each charge from the sum.
• For negatively charged ions add one electron for each charge to the sum
