PROGRAM OUTREACH DAN CSR : KENALI ALAM JURUTERA
-12 APRIL 2023-
WATER TREATMENT
PROCESS
PREPARED BY
RAJA NORAZILLA BT RAJA YUNUS
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM PSAS
Water Quality Standards
The definition of water quality depends on the intended use
of the water which may be either human consumption or it
may be for industries, irrigation, recreation etc..
Depending upon the proposed use of water, certain water
quality criteria are established and based on these criteria
quality standards are specified by health and other
regulation agencies.
Different types of water require different level of water
purity.
Drinking water requires highest standard of purity where as
water of lower quality
Sick Water!
Objectives of Water Treatment
1To provide water that is safe 4
To provide final water going into supply
for human consumption
with an acceptable quality
2 To remove pathogenic
microorganisms in the water
5 Ensure that the final water
3 Totaste
remove dissolved gases,
and odor in water
leaving the treatment plant
complied with the regulation in
the territory concerned
Water Characteristics
Water Characteristics
Physical i. Turbidity
ii. Suspended solid
iii.Taste and odor
iv. Colour
v. Temeperature
Chemical i. Dissolves solid
ii. pH value
iii.Dissolved oxygen
iv. Hardness
v. Mineral content (Lead, Iron, Manganese)
vi. Organic Matter
vii.Nutrient (e.g: carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus)
Microbiologi i. Bacteria
cal ii.Algae
iii.Virus
iv.Protozoa
v.Fecal Coliform and Total
Coliform
WATER
TREATMENT
WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
Water treatment is the process of removing
pollutants from raw water to produce safe
water for human use in chemical and bacteria.
Water should also be aesthetically acceptable,
free from turbidity, smell and unpleasant
color.
WATER TREATMENT PLANT STAGES
Depending on the type of treatment plant and the quality of raw
water, treatment generally proceeds in the following sequence of
stages:
1. Water Intake 5. Sedimentation
6. Filtration
2. Screening
7. Flouridation
3. Aeration 8. Disinfection
4. Coagulation and 10. pH adjustment
flocculation 11. Storage tank
As required, other steps will be added, depending on the chemistry of
the treated water.
isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/ mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppt
1. Water Intake
- systems include the works required to divert and transport water
from a supply source, such as river, lake or reservoir, to a pumping
station, pipeline or treatment plant.
- The intake system must be able to meet the demand for water.
2. Screening
Initially, wood chips, leaves, aquatic plants and
floating impurities are removed by the screening process.
After the screening, a more compact suspended material will be
removed to allow water to flow through the chamber in which it will settle to
the bottom.
- removal of any coarse
floating objects, weeds, etc.
- Bar screen assemblies are
normally installed at 60° to
80° angle from the
horizontal.
isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/ mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppt
The purpose of screening process
Restrictthe entry of suspended solids such
as garbage in the water treatment plant.
Prevent pump, pipe and equipment from
clogging or damage.
Launched a water course for the next process.
types of screening
COARSE screening
Tofilter materials such as the larger floating garbage
and twigs.
25mm x 25mm
FINE screening
Toremove floating materials such smaller water plants,
leaves and so forth.
6mm x 6mm
3. Aeration
- Dissolving oxygen into the water
- Removes smell and taste
- Promotes helpful bacteria growth
- Precipitates nuisance metals like
iron and manganese.
Types of aerator
1. Spray aerators
3. Diffussion / bubble aerators
2. Waterfall/cascade aerators
4. Multiple-tray aerator
4. Coagulation and flocculation
- add coagulating agent (aluminum sulfate or iron sulfate)
- causes agglomeration (clumping) and sedimentation of solid
particles
- these solid particles are called floc or sludge
Coagulation In coagulation
Small particles are not removed
we add a chemical such as alum which
efficiently by sedimentation because produces positive charges to neutralize the
they settle too slowly negative charges on the particles
they may also pass through filters particles can stick together
easier to remove if they are clumped forming larger particles
together
Coagulated to form larger particles,
more easily removed
but they don't because they have a
negative charge
process involves addition of chemical (e.g.
alum)
repel each other (like two north
poles of a magnet) rapid mixing to dissolve the chemical
31
distribute it evenly throughout water
Coagulants
Aluminum Sulfate Al2(SO4)3 Factors for choosing a coagulant?
Ferrous Sulfate FeSO4 1. Easily available in all dry and liquid
Ferric Sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 forms
2. Economical
Ferric Chloride FeCl3
3. Effective over wide range of pH
Lime Ca(OH)2
4. Produces less sludges
5. Less harmful for environment
Aluminum salts are cheaper but
6. Fast
iron salts are more effective over
wider pH range
33
Flocculation
Now the particles have a neutral charge
can stick together
The water flows into a tank with paddles
that provide slow mixing
bring the small particles together to form
larger particles called flocs
Mixing is done quite slowly and gently in
the flocculation step
If the mixing is too fast, the flocs will break
apart into small particles that are difficult to
remove by sedimentation or filtration. 35
Sedimentation
water flows to a tank called a
sedimentation basin
gravity causes the flocs to settle to the
bottom
Large particles settle more rapidly
than small particles
So the clarified water, with most of the
particles removed, moves on to the
filtration step where the finer particles
are removed
Water Treatment Plants 36
5. Sedimentation
- Floc settles out and is scraped and vacuumed off the bottom of
large sedimentation tanks.
- Clarified water drains out of the top of these tanks in a giant
decanting process.
6. Filtration
- (depends on size of plant/volume of water
considerations)
Rapid-sand filters force water through a 0.45-1m
layer of sand and work faster, needing a smaller
area.
But they need frequent back-washing
Slow-sand filters require a much larger area but
reduce bacteriological and viral levels to better
due to the Schmutzdecke (biofilm) layer.
The top 1 inch of biofilm must be periodically
scraped off and the filter occasionally back-washed
Filtration
The filtration apparatus is a concrete
box which contains sand, gravel and
underdrain
After the filter is operated for a while,
the sand becomes clogged with
particles and must be backwashed
Filtrationis the process of passing the
water through sand medium.
In slow sand filter the effective size of
sand used is 0.2 to 0.3 mm and
removes bacteria (90%) , colour ,
turbidity , taste and odour 43
Flouridation
Chemicals ' sodium fluoride ' also dosed in
clean water.
Fluoride is dosed to help maintain the
dental health in a children.
Dos allowed 0.6 mg / l -0.8 mg / l
Disinfection
Micro-organisms like bacteria, viruses and parasites that are too small to filter
out, can be killed in a number of other ways including:
Heat – by boiling water for a few minutes
Chemicals – these can be added to water in tiny amounts that will kill germs
but be perfectly safe for us.
The most common form is Chlorination (which is used in the Shoalhaven) and
one of the chemicals that is used is Hypochlorite.
Ozone – ozone gas can be bubbled through the water to kill germs.
Ultra-violet light – using strong UV lamps or sunlight radiation
Dose 0.4 – 0.6 mg/
Disinfection
With particles removed, it only remains to
provide disinfection, so that no pathogens
remain in the water
Protozoan pathogens are large in size and have
been removed with other particles
Bacteria and viruses are now destroyed by
addition of a disinfectant
Chlorination
Enough chlorine is added so that some remains
to go out in the water distribution system,
protecting the public once the water leaves the
plant
pH adjustment
so that treated water leaves the
plant in the desired range of 6.5
to 8.5 pH units.
Reagent – calcium hydroxide
purpose – to reduce the corrosion
pH Adjustment
Adjustment of the pH level of Adjustment of pH can be done by:
drinking-water during treatment • the addition of acidic solutions or
may be needed to: carbon dioxide to the water
make coagulation more effective • the addition of alkaline solutions
make the oxidation of iron and to the water
manganese more effective • placing solid alkaline materials
make disinfection by chlorine (eg, marble or dolomitic
more effective material) in contact with the
Reduce its corrosiveness water
[aggressiveness] before • Blowing air into the water, or
distribution spraying water into the air (to
drive off carbon dioxide).
After treatment, where does it go?
After water is treated, it is stored in a
water tower, then sent through pipes to
your home.
Water Quality Monitoring
JAR TESTING PROCEDURE
Purpose : to determine the optimum concentration of coagulant to be added to
the source water
Factors of Treatment Plant Location
1 Planning and 2Plant Design site
Environmental factor
Obstruction
3 Environmental
-Noise
-Dust
-Danger of chlorine
-Smells
-Sludge
Planning and Environmental
Obstruction
The expansion of plant processes is
paid attention to.
Space is made available for adding
capacity and for the addition of
processes.
Therefore, the planning for the
treatment plant should be referred
to the structure plan and needs
more discussion with local
authorities and department of
environment.
Plant Design site factor
The process and instrumentation diagram and the
detailed design criteria are developed by
establishing
1. the major process units and their size and place in
the scheme of design,
2. the kind, amount and application points of
chemicals reagent and
3. the monitoring and control of the processes and
chemicals.
The design criteria are developed in the detail
necessary to establish the dimension of the process
tanks and pump and equipment specifications, the
hydraulic profile can then be established for
pumping and for gravitation.
Environmental
Noise
Dust
Danger of
chlorine
Smells
Sludge
Environmental Factor
Environmental Impact Assessment should be conducted to
evaluate the effect of the treatment plant to the surrounding
area. The examples of the impact from the treatment plant are:
Effect of noise when operating the plant such as pump,
generator or chemical tanks.
Dust impact during the construction
Dangers of chlorine leakage during shipment
The smells of chemicals and sludge
Effect of sludge and wastewater from the plant to the river
nearby
THANK YOU
