Chemical

Bonding Comparison of Properties

Ionic Compounds
Covalent Compounds
Metals

PREPARED BY: TYPE YOUR NAME HERE

S9MT - IIb -14

 Recognize different types of

compounds (ionic or covalent)
based on their properties such as
melting point, hardness, polarity,
and electrical and thermal
conductivity;
Essential Questions

 Why/How do atoms combine with one another

to form the vast array of chemical substances
that exist?
 Whatis ionic, covalent and metallic bonding
and how do the types of bonding determine
properties of matter?
 Properties of Matter
 Macroscopic properties of matter vary greatly due to the type of bonding
What is a chemical bond?

 An attractive force that

holds two atoms
together
 Can form by
 The attraction of
positive ion to a
negative ion or
 The attraction of the
positive nucleus of one
atom and the negative
electrons of another
atom
Bond

 the interaction between two or more atoms

that allows them to form a substance
different from the independent atoms.
 involves the outer (valence) electrons of the
atoms.
 These electrons are
transferred from one atom to
another or shared between them.
Chemical Bond Energy
Considerations

A chemical bond forms when it is

energetically favorable
 when the energy of the bonded atoms is less
than the energies of the separated atoms.
 Al + I2
Bonding

 Chemical compounds are formed by the

joining of two or more atoms.
A stable compound occurs when the total
energy of the combination has lower energy
than the separated atoms.
 Thebound state implies a net attractive force
between the atoms ... a chemical bond.
 Energy Changes in Bonding

When bonds are formed, energy is

released.
Demonstrations:
Formation of an Ionic Compound: Mg +
O2

Formation of a Molecular Compound: S

+ O2
 Breaking Bonds
 In order to break bonds energy must be added,
usually in the form of heat, light, or
electricity.
 Demonstration: Electrolysis of water
 Demo: Decomposition of Nitrogen Triiodide
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=z5vsQ8sPgX4
Three Types of Bonding

Metallic Ionic

Covalent
Chemical Bonds

In chemical bonds, atoms

 can either transfer or
 share their valence
electrons.
When atoms transfer
electrons
Ionic Bonds
When one or more atoms lose electrons and other atoms
gain them in order to produce a noble gas electron
configuration, the bond is called an ionic bond.
Ionic Bonding

 metallic atoms tend to lose electrons

 When they do so, they become positively
charged ions which are called cations.
 Nonmetallic atoms tend to gain electrons to
become negatively charged ions which are
called anions.
 These oppositely charged cations and anions
are attracted to one another because of their
opposite charges.
 That attraction is called an ionic bond. We
often refer to the charge on the ion as
the oxidation state of that element.
Positive Ion (Cation) Formation Negative Ion (Anion) Formation
• Na has one valence electron.
• It loses it to Chlorine.
• Na now has a filled valence shell.
(an octet)
• Becomes positive one in charge
• Chlorine has seven valence
electrons.
• It gains one electron from Na.
• Chlorine now has filled octet.
• Chlorine has a negative one
charge. (Chloride ion)
• Na+1 attracts Cl-1 and forms the
ionic bond.
 Ionic Bonds
 Part 1
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qf07-8Jhhpc
 Part 2
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5EwmedLuRmw
 Part 3
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RkZNYuSho0M
Ion Formation

 All of the elements in Group I have one electron in their

outermost energy level.
 All of these elements can lose that one valence
electron.
 These atoms become cations with a positive one charge.
Elements in Group II have two
electrons in their outermost energy
level.
So, when these elements lose
electrons, they lose two electrons
and take on a positive two charge.
• The transition metals and the metals to the right
of them generally form more than one ion.
• We call these elements multivalent. The charges
on their ions are not always predictable, although
some patterns do exist.
• A few of the transition elements form only one
ion or oxidation state. For example zinc ion,
silver ion and scandium ion.
• Zn2+ zinc ion
• Ag+ silver ion
• Sc3+ scandium ion
Anions

• Nonmetals tend to gain electrons.

• The halogens - fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and
iodine - have a strong attraction for electrons.
• Their outermost energy levels are almost full. There
is only room for one more electron in the outer
energy levels for each of those atoms. Consequently,
the elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine
will gain one electron, and become anions with a
negative one charge.
• Oxygen, sulfur, and the other elements in that family
will gain two electrons.
• In the next group over, nitrogen, phosphorus and
arsenic can take on three electrons.
+1
+2 +3 -3 -2 -1
Ionic Nomenclature

Naming Ionic Compounds

Ionic Compounds
 Made of cations and anions
 Metals and nonmetals
 The electrons lost by the cation are
gained by the anion
 The cation and anions surround each
other
 Smallest ratio of ions in an ionic
compound is a FORMULA UNIT.
 Cations

 Positive ions
 Formed by losing electrons
 More protons than electrons
 usually Metals

+1
K Has lost one electron

+2 Has lost two electrons

Ca
Anion
 A negative ion
 Has gained electrons
 Non metals
 Charge is written as a super script on the right.

-1 Has gained one electron

F
-2 Has gained two electrons
O
Formula Unit

 Thesmallest whole number ratio of

atoms in an ionic compound.
 Ions
surround each other so you can’t
say which is hooked to which
Naming Ions

 We will use the systematic way

 Cation- if the charge is always the same just write the
name of the metal
 Transition metals can have more than one type of
charge
 Indicate the charge with a Roman numeral in
parentheses
Name these

 +1
Na

 +2
Ca

 +3
Al

 +3
Fe

 +2
Fe

 +2
Pb

 +1
Li
Write Formulas for these

 Potassium ion

 Magnesium ion

 Copper (II) ion

 Chromium (VI) ion

 Barium ion

 Mercury (II) ion

Naming Anions

 Change the element ending to – ide

 -1
F Fluorine
Name these

 -1
Cl

 -3
N

 -1
Br

 -2
O

 +3
Ga
Write these

 Sulfide ion
 iodide ion
 phosphide ion
 Strontium ion
Polyatomic ions
 Groups of atoms that stay together and have a charge
 You must memorize these or use an ion sheet… common examples
 Acetate CHO
2 3 2
-1

 Nitrate NO 3
-1

 Nitrite NO 2
-1

 Hydroxide OH -1

 Permanganate MnO 4
-1

 Cyanide CN -1
More Polyatomic ions

 Sulfate SO
-2  Phosphate PO
-3
4 4
 Sulfite SO
-2  Phosphite PO
-3
3 3
 Carbonate CO
-2
3  Ammonium
 Chromate CrO
-2
+1
4 NH
4
 Dichromate
-2
Cr O
2 7
Practice with Ions

 Use the practice worksheet to determine the ions

formed.
 Learn to use your periodic table and pink sheet to
determine charges (oxidation state.)
Binary Ionic Compounds
 Binary Compounds
 2 elements.
 a cation and an anion.
 To write the names just name the two ions.
 Easy with Representative elements
 Groups 1, 2, 13

 + -
NaCl = Na Cl = sodium chloride

 +2 -
MgBr = Mg Br = magnesium bromide
2
Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
with Variably Charged Cations

 The problem comes with the transition metals (Groups

3-12) since their charge can vary
 Need to figure out their charges
 The compound must be neutral
 same number of + and – charges.
 Use the anion to determine the charge on the positive
ion
 Charge of the cation is a Roman numeral in the name
Example

 Write the name of CuO

 Need the charge of Cu
 O is -2
 copper must be +2
 Copper (II) chloride
Example

 Name CoCl
3
 Cl is -1 and there are three of them = -3
 Co must be +3 Cobalt (III) chloride
Another Example

 Write the name of Cu2S.

 Since S is -2, the Cu must be +2, so each one is +1.

2
 copper (I) sulfide
Last Example

 Fe O
2 3

 Each O is -2 3 x -2 = -6
 3 Fe must = +6, so each is +2.
 iron (III) oxide
Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
 Write the names of the following
 KCl

 Na N
3
 CrN

 Sc P
3 2
 PbO

 PbO
2
 Na Se
2
Ternary Ionic Compounds

 Will have polyatomic ions

 At least three elements
 Name the ions

 NaNO
3

 CaSO4

 CuSO3

 (NH4)2O
Ternary Ionic Compounds

 LiCN

 Fe(OH)
3

 (NH ) CO
42 3

 NiPO
4
Writing Formulas
Given the name write the
formula
1. The charges have to add up to zero
2. Write down each ion with charges
3. Make the charges equal by adding subscripts
4. Put polyatomic ions in parentheses if you need more
than one of them
Writing Formulas Example

 Write the formula for calcium chloride.

Another Example

 Aluminum nitrate
Write the formulas for these

 Lithium sulfide
 tin (II) oxide
 tin (IV) oxide
 Magnesium fluoride
 Copper (II) sulfate
 Iron (III) phosphide
Write the formulas for these

 gallium nitrate

 Iron (III) sulfide

 Ammonium chloride

 ammonium sulfide

 barium nitrate
Things to look for

 If cation has (Roman Numeral), the number is the

charge
 If anions end in -ide they are probably off the periodic
table (Monoatomic)
 If anion ends in -ate or -ite it is polyatomic
Ionic Solids
 Ionic solids are solids composed of ionic
particles (ions).
 These ions are held together in a regular
array by ionic bonding.
 Ionic bonding results from attractive
interactions from oppositely charged ions.
 In a typical ionic solid, positively charged
ions are surrounded by negatively charged
ions and vice-versa.
 The close distance between these
oppositely charged particles results in very
strong attractive forces.
 The alternating pattern of positive and
negative ions continues in three
dimensions.
 The regular repeating pattern is analogous
to the tiles on a floor or bricks on a wall.
 called the crystal lattice.
Ionic Compounds
 Crystalline solids (made of ions)
 High melting and boiling points
 Conduct electricity when melted
or dissolved in water
 Demo: Electrolytes
 Many are soluble in water but not
in non-polar liquid
Comparison of Conductivity
Common Ionic Compounds

 NaCl - sodium chloride - table

salt
 KCl - potassium chloride - present
in "light" salt (mixed with NaCl)
 CaCl2 - calcium chloride -
driveway salt
 NaOH - sodium hydroxide - found
in some surface cleaners as well
as oven and drain cleaners
 CaCO3 - calcium carbonate -
found in calcium supplements
 NH4NO3 - ammonium nitrate -
found in some fertilizers
Ionic vs Molecular
Covalent (Molecular) Compounds
 Gases, liquids, or solids (made of
molecules)
 Low melting and boiling points
 Poor electrical conductors in all
phases
 Many soluble in non-polar liquids
but not in water
Molecular (Covalent) Substances
Covalent Network Solids

 Covalent because combinations of

nonmetals
 Interconnected
 very hard and brittle
 Insoluble
 Extreme melting and boiling
points

Diamond
Covalent Bonds
 involve the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by
two atoms
 Such bonds lead to stable molecules if they share
electrons in such a way as to create a noble gas
configuration for each atom
Covalent bonding can be visualized
with the aid of a Lewis Structure
Polar

Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds in which the sharing of the electron pair is unequal
 the electrons spend more time around the more nonmetallic atom
 In such a bond there is a charge separation with one atom being slightly
more positive and the other more negative……. will produce a dipole
moment.
Types of Covalent bonds

 Pure Covalent (also called non-

polar covalent) bonds are ones in
which both atoms share the
electrons evenly
• By evenly, we mean that the
electrons have an equal
probability of being at a certain
radius from the nuclei of either
atom.
 Polar covalent bonds are ones in
which the electrons have a higher
probability of being in the
proximity of one of the atoms
 Determined by Electronegativity
Difference
Electronegativity

 the periodic property that indicates

the strength of the attraction an
atom has for the electrons it shares
in a bond.
 Atoms with high electronegativities
tend to hold tightly to their
electrons or to form negative ions.
 These elements are found to the
upper right on the periodic table.
 Atoms with low electronegativities
tend to have a lower attraction for
their electrons and may form
positive ions.
 These elements are found to the
lower left on the periodic table.
Pure covalent or Non-polar
covalent bond
 Electronegativity difference of 0.3 or less in between
the two atoms.
 A pure covalent bond can form between two atoms of
the same element (such as in diatomic oxygen
molecule)
 or atoms of different elements that have similar
electronegativies (such as in the carbon and hydrogen
atom in methane).
Polar Covalent Bond

 A is a pair of electrons shared between

two atoms with significantly different
electronegativities (from 0.3 to 1.7
difference).
 These bonds tend to form between
highly electronegative non-metals and
other non-metals, such as the bond
between hydrogen and oxygen in
water.
Ionic Bonds
 In compounds that have elements with very different electronegativities
(greater than 1.7 difference), the electrons can be considered to have
been transferred to form ions.
 Many of the properties of a compound, such as solubility
and boiling point, depend, in part, on the degree of the
polarity of its bonds.
Examples to Determine Bond Character

 Using electronegativity in the prediction of the

polarity of a chemical bond.

 sodium bonded to chlorine

 Difference between the electronegativities of
Na(0.9) and Cl(3.0) are so great that they form an
ionic bond.

 The hydrogen molecule (2 H atoms bonded to

each other)
 zero electronegativity difference, form a non-
polar covalent bond.
Bond Character

 Nonpolar-Covalent bonds (H2)

 Electrons are equally shared
 Electronegativity difference of 0 to 0.3
 Polar-Covalent bonds (HCl)
 Electrons are unequally shared
 Electronegativity difference between .3
and 1.7
 Ionic Bonds (NaCl)
 Electrons are transferred
 Electronegativity difference of more than
1.7
Diatomic Molecules

• hydrogen gas H2
• the halogens:
– chlorine Cl2
– fluorine F2
– bromine Br2
– iodine I2
• Nitrogen N2
• Oxygen O2

Pneumonic Device to remember the diatomic

molecules: Professor BrINClHOF
Metals and Metallic Bonding

 Typical Properties of Metals

 Malleable
 Ductile
 Good Conductors of Heat and Electricity
 Generally high melting and boiling points
Metallic Bonds

 The properties of metals suggest that their atoms

possess strong bonds
 yet the ease of conduction of heat and electricity
suggest that electrons can move freely in all directions
in a metal
 The general observations give rise to a picture of
"positive ions in a sea of electrons" to describe metallic
bonding.
Metal Properties

 Malleable and Ductile

 Strong and Durable
 Good conductors of heat and electricity.
 Their strength indicates that the atoms are difficult
to separate… strong bonds
 but malleability and ductility suggest that the atoms
are relatively easy to move in various directions.
 The electrical conductivity suggests that it is easy to
move electrons in any direction in these materials.
 The thermal conductivity also involves the motion of
electrons. All of these properties suggest the nature
of the metallic bonds between atoms. (Electron sea
model)
 Metallic Bonding

Electron Sea Model
Explained by the Electron Sea
Model
 the atoms in a metallic solid
contribute their valence electrons
to form a “sea” of electrons that
surrounds metallic cations.
 delocalized electrons are not held
by any specific atom and can move
easily throughout the solid.
 A metallic bond is the attraction
between these electrons and the
metallic cation.


Metallic Bonding
the Electron Sea Model
 The more delocalized
electrons the stronger
the bond
 A mixture of elements that has metallic properties is
called an alloy.
 Two types of alloys
 An interstitial alloy is one in which the small holes in a
metallic crystal are filled by other smaller atoms.
 A substitutional alloy is one in which atoms of the original
metal are replaced by other atoms of similar size.
 Ionic Compounds Covalent Compounds Metallic Compounds

-Formed from a combination of -Formed from a -Formed from a

metals and nonmetals. combination of combination of metals
-Electron transfer from the cation to nonmetals. -“sea of electrons”;
the anion. -Electron sharing electrons can move
-Opposite charged ions attract each between atoms. among atoms
other.

Solids at room temperature Can be solid, liquid, or Solids at room

gas at room temperature. temperature

High melting points Low melting points Various melting points

Dissolve well in water Do not dissolve in water Do not dissolve in water.
(Sugar is an exception)
Conduct electricity only when Do not conduct Conduct electricity in
dissolved in water; electrolytes electricity; non solid form.
electrolytes
Brittle, hard Soft Metallic compounds
range in hardness. Group
1 and 2 metals are soft;
transition metals are
hard. Metals are
malleable, ductile, and
have luster.
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