BIC 10303

ALGEBRA
Chapter 3b:
Matrices
ALGEBRA BIC 10303
 In this lecture…
3

MATRICES
1. Definition and notation
2. Algebra operation for matrices

3. Elementary row operation

4. Determinant (up to 4x4).

5. Inverse of matrices (up to 4x4).

6. Eigen value and eigen vector

3.3 – 3.4
Part 2
Elementary row operation
Determinant (up to 4x4).
 3.3 Elementary Row Operation
5

 Another important operations on matrix aims to

produce row-equivalent matrix.

Performing row operations on an augmented matrix

will produce a matrix that is row-equivalent to the
original matrix.
 Elementary Row Operations (ERO)
6

1. Any two rows of a matrix can be interchanged (Type I)

2. Any row of a matrix can be multiplied by a nonzero
constant (Type II)
3. Any row of a matrix can be changed by adding a
nonzero constant multiple of another row to it (Type III)
 Example
7

Original matrix, A = .
Do the following operations.

Interchange the first and second row.

R1 R2
8

Multiply the first row with -1

-1R1

Add -2 times the first row to the third row

-2R1 + R3
 Example
9

 Given the matrix A

A I

 3 4 4 1 0 0
 
 2 3 4 0 1 0
 2 3 5 0 0 1
 

75
 A I
r1  3 4 4 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
   
r2  2 3 4 0 1 0 -2r +r  0 1 4
1 2  2 3 0
 2 3 5 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
r3    
 3 4 4 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 
   
 2 3 4 0 1 0 -4r3+r2  0 1 0  2 7  4
0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 
-r2+r3
   
-r2+r1  1 1 0 1 1 0 -r2+r1 1 0 0 3  8 4 
   
 2 3 4 0 1 0 0 1 0  2 7  4
0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 
10
   
 A I
3 4 4 1 0 0
 
2 3 4 0 1 0
2 3 5 0 0 1 

reduces to:

1 0 0 3 8 4 
 
0 1 0 2 7  4
0 0 1 0  1 1 


11
I A-1
 Exercise
12

 Using row operation method. Find the inverse

of
A
13
 3.4 Determinant
14

 Associated with each of each square matrix is a real

number called its determinant.
 The use arose from special number pattern occur
during the solution of systems of linear equations.
 E.g.
15
 The denominator is called the determinant of the
coefficient matrix of the system.
16
*Provided denominator in not equal to 0
17

Coefficient Matrix of the Determinant

System
 Determinant
18

Given a square matrix A, its determinant is a real

number associated with the matrix.
**To find a determinant you must have a

SQUARE MATRIX!!**

The determinant of a matrix A is denoted by

|A| or det(A).
 The Determinant for a 2x2 matrix
19

Consider a 2  2 matrix:  a11

A
a12 
 a21 a22 

Determinant of A, denote | A | , is a number and

can be evaluated by
a11 a12
| A |  a11 a22  a12 a21
a21 a22
 The Determinant for a 2x2 matrix
20

Easy to remember (for order 2 only)…

+ -
a11 a12
| A |   a11a22  a12 a21
a21 a22

Example: Evaluate the determinant: 1 2

3 4
1 2
 1  4  2  3  2
3 4
 Minor and Cofactor
21

Minor Mi,j is the determinant of sub-matrix of A,

obtained by crossing out the i-th row and the j-th column.

Cofactor of matrix A is
 Example:
22

Solution:
 The Determinant for a 3x3 matrix
23

Determinants of matrices 3 x 3 can be

calculated using:

1. Expansion by minors
2. Diagonal Method
 The Determinant for a 3x3 matrix
Expansion by minors
24

Using first row,

a1 b1 c1
b2 c2 a 2 c2 a 2 b2
a 2 b 2 c 2  a1  b1  c1
b3 c3 a 3 c3 a 3 b3
a 3 b3 c3

M1,1 M1,2 M1,3

¿
 Example:
25

You are encouraged to find the determinant by using

other rows or columns
Example:

1 2 3
Consider an example: A   4 5 6 
7 8 9 

Its determinant can be obtained by:

1 2 3
4 5 1 2 1 2
A  4 5 6 3 6 9
7 8 7 8 4 5
7 8 9

 3  3  6  6   9  3   0
 * The right choice sometimes makes it a bit easier
to calculate determinants. e.g.
27

1 1 -2
A= 0 2 3
0 1 1
• Using the first row:

|A|=1x 2 3 - 1x 0 +3(-2) x 0 2
1 1 0 1 0 1

= 1x(-1) -1x(0) + (-2)x(0) = -1

 * The right choice sometimes makes it a bit easier
to calculate determinants. e.g.
28

1 1 -2
A= 0 2 3
0 1 1
• However, using the first column:

|A|= 1x 2 3 - 0 + 0 = 1x(-1) = -1
1 1
 The Determinant for a 3x3 matrix
Diagonal method
29

Step 1: Rewrite first two columns of the matrix.

Step 2: multiply diagonals going up.
Step 3: multiply diagonals going down.
Step 4: Bottom minus top.
Example:

Consider an example:
Its determinant can be obtained by:

2 3 8 2 3
4. 6 7 1 6 7 Step 1
4 5 9 4 5

30
 -224 +10 +162 = -52
Step 2
2 3 8 2 3
4. 6 7 1 6 7
4 5 9 4 5 Step 3

-126 +12 +240 =126

126 - (-52) Step 4

126 + 52
31 = 178
 The Determinant for a 4x4 matrix
32

• For a 4x4 matrix we add up minors like the 3x3

case, and again use the same signs pattern

+ - + -
- + - +
+ - + -
- + - +
• Notice that if we think of the signs pattern as a
matrix, then it can be written as (-1)i+j
 A general formula for determinants
33
For a nxn matrix A=(aij) the co-factors of A are defined by
Cij:= (-1)i+j|Mij|
Wor
k
for a s
n
• The determinant of A is given by the formula size y
m a t r of
n i c es

|A|= aC
i 1
ij ij for any j=1,2,...,n

• Or, n
|A|= j 1
aij Cij for any i=1,2,...,n
34

 Or,

∑ (−1)𝑖+ 𝑗
|A|=
𝑖, 𝑗=1 aij Mij
 Example of 4x4 determinant
35

 Find |A|. Given A as follows

 Using the general
𝑛 formula:

|A|= 𝑖,∑
𝑖+ 𝑗
(−1)
𝑗=1
aij Mij
36

4
n=4 because A is 4x4 matrix
|A|=∑ (−1) ai1 Mi1
𝑖+ 𝑗

𝑖, 𝑗=1

=
= Minors are
determinants of
submatrices of
Calculate minors
A!

| |
−1 1 4 2
2 −1 2 5

| |
𝑀 11= −1 2 5
1 2 3 4
3 4 1 2 𝑀 11= 2 3 4 =?
4 1 2
 + - +

| |
−1 2 5
𝑀 11= 2
4
3
1
4 =− 1 ∙
2
|
3
−1
4
2 | |
−2 ∙
2
4
4
2| |
+5 ∙
2
4
3
|
−1

¿ −1 ( 6 +4 ) −2 ( 4 −16 )+ 5 ∙ ( − 1− 12 )=−10 +24 − 70= −56

Use the same approach to get !

You will get

Next, substitute all the values into our formula

|A| =

=
= 56 – 60 +83 -105
= -26

∴| 𝐴|=−26
37
Exercise:
Find the determinant for the following by using expansion
of minor then check your answer by diagonal method.

( )
1 1 2
3 4 −7
6 8 2

38
39
Exercise:
Find the determinant for the following by using expansion
of minor.
A

40
41
Thank you!

42