WEEK 1 - QUARTER 2
EARTHQUAKES
AND FAULTS
Video clip watching, (one of
the strongest earthquake that
hits Philippines)
An earthquake with a magnitude of
5.3 jolted Luzon of the Philippines on
Sunday morning, the US Geological
Survey said. The epicenter, with a
depth of 86.86 km, was initially
determined to be at 14.0476 degrees
north latitude and 120.525 degrees
east longitude.
The three widely felt earthquakes shook
the Philippines today, but it’s unclear if
they triggered each other. The
earthquake, which struck at 3.18am.
local time on Sunday, was centered in
the sea, about 31km (20 miles) northeast
of Lubang Island, or 89km (55 miles)
west of Calamba and 65km (41 m
southwest of Balanga)
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS) said the quake
measured 5.5 and struck at a depth of 85km (53
miles), which is relatively deep. There is no
threat of a tsunami but aftershocks are likely,
according to PHIVOLCS. Shaking from the
earthquake was felt across the region, including
in Manila and Quezon City, where some said the
tremors were strong enough to wake them.
There were no immediate reports of damage or
casualties.
The Philippines is on the so-called
‘Pacific Ring of Fire’, an arc of fault
lines circling the Pacific Basin which
are prone to frequent and large
earthquakes. Volcanic eruptions also
occur frequently in the region. - The
Philippines Daily Inquirer/ Asian
News Network, May 16, 2020.
Bohol earthquake (2013).
7.2 magnitude tremor
that killed more than
150 people destroyed
century old churches
and affected more than
3million families.
Mindoro earthquake (1994).
A total of 1530 houses in
the coastal areas of Baco
and Calapan, Oriental
Mindoro were swept away
by a tsunami generated
by a 7.1-magnitude
earthquake. The tragedy
also killed 78 people
Casiguran earthquake (1968).
This 7.3-magnitude
earthquake killed a total of
270 people and also caused
massive landslides and
tsunami in Casiguran, Aurora.
Almost 300 people were also
killed when the Ruby Tower in
Binondo collapsed as a result
of the tremor. [Image source]
Luzon eLarthquake (1990).
On July 16, 1990, one of the
strongest earthquakes to ever
strike the country occurred in
several areas of Central Luzon
and Cordillera region. This 7.8-
magnitude tremor resulted in a
total of 1,621 deaths and
serious damage in properties.
Moro Gulf earthquake (1976).
With a 7.9 magnitude and
almost 3,000 casualties, this
Mindanao earthquake is
officially the strongest and
deadliest earthquake in
Philippine history. Almost 40,
000 people in Regions 9 and
12 were also left homeless by
this tragedy.
What is an Earthquake?
An earthquake is caused by a
sudden slip on a fault. The tectonic
plates are always slowly moving,
but they get stuck at their edges
due to friction. When the stress on
the edge overcomes the friction,
there is an earthquake that
releases in the form of energy in
waves that travel through the
earth's interior and crust that
cause the shaking that we feel.
TECTONIC QUAKE - generated where
tectonic plates meet either in a converging
plate, transform boundary and divergent
boundary.
VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKE - earthquake
induced by rising lava or magma beneath active
volcanoes.
What is a Fault?
A fault is a fracture or zone of
fractures between two blocks of
rock. Faults allow the blocks to
move relative to each other.
This movement may Most faults
produce repeated
occur rapidly, in the form Displacements
of an earthquake or may over geologic time.
occur slowly,
in the form of creep.
Faults may range in
length from a few
millimeters to thousands
of kilometers.
HOW DO FAULTS PRODUCE QUAKES?
Energy from Earth’s interior makes
the ground move. Friction hold the
rocks together. Once the friction is
overcome, the ground will move and
the earthquake will occur.
Earthquakes are caused when faults
slip suddenly.
Friction between the two sides of a
fault keeps it from moving until
the stress on the fault overcomes
the friction, then the fault slips
and creates an earthquake.
Types of Faults: A dip-slip fault in which the
block above the fault has
NORMAL FAULT moved downward relative to
the block below. This type of
faulting occurs in response
to extension. “Occurs when
Fault plane the “hanging wall” moves
Footwall Focus Hanging wall down relative to the “foot
wall”.
REVERSE A dip-slip fault in which the
FAULT upper block, above the fault
plane, moves up and over
the lower block. This type of
faulting is common in areas
of compression, When the
dip angle is shallow, a
HANGING WALL
reverse fault is often
FOOTWALL
described as a thrust fault.
“Occurs where the “hanging
wall” moves up or is thrust
over the “foot wall
STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
A fault on which the two
blocks slide past one
another. The San
Andreas Fault is an
example of a right lateral
fault
There are two types of Strike-
slip fault movement.
1. A left lateral If you were to stand on
strike slip fault
the fault and look along
its length, this is a type
of strike-slip fault where
the left block moves
toward you and the
right block moves away.
2. A right lateral
strike slip fault If you were to stand
on the fault and look
along its length, this
is a type of strike slip
fault where the right
block moves toward
you and the left block
moves away
What Are the Types of Stresses
in the Earth's Crust?
The Earth has three layers, the crust,
the mantle and the core. The Earth’s
crust is like the shell of an egg; it is the
thinnest of the Earth’s layers. The crust
is broken into several parts, known as
the continental plates.
FOUR TYPES OF SRESSES
IN THE EARTH’S CRUST
Compression Tension
Stress Stress
Shear Confining
Stress Stress
1.Compression Stress
- is a type of stress that causes the
rocks to push or squeeze against
one another. It targets the center of
the rock and can cause either
horizontal or vertical orientation. In
horizontal compression stress, the
crust can thicken or shorten.
In vertical compression stress, the
crust can thin out or break off. The
force of compression can push
rocks together or cause the edges of
each plate colliding to rise.
Mountains are a result of high-
impact compression stress caused
when two plates collided.
Compression Stress
2.Tension Stress
- is the opposite of compression. While
compression forces the rocks and crust
to collide and move together, tension
forces the rocks to pull apart. Tension
can happen in two ways. Two separate
plates can move farther away from each
other, or the ends of one plate can move
in different directions.
Some scientists think tension
stress caused the ancient,
massive continent Pangaea to
break off into the seven
continents we have today
Tension Stress
3. Shear Stress
When shear stress occurs, the
force of the stress pushes some of
the crust in different directions.
When this happens, a large part of
the crust can break off, which makes
the plate size smaller.
Shear stress usually happens
when two plates rub against each
other as they move in opposite
directions. The friction of a shear
stress at the edges of the plate can
cause earthquakes.
Shear Stress
4. Confining Stress - happens
as weight of all overlying rock
pushes down on a deeply buried
rock.
The rock is being pushed in
from all sides which compress it.
Example of confining stress
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qqzj8er01hI
