Matrices
Concept of
• Size of matrices Matrices • Determinant IAI 2 x 2 (ab-cd),
• Types of matrices
minor (M) & cofactors (C)
• Operations of matrices
• Determinant 3 x 3 using
• Transpose of matrix
cofactor
Solving System of
Linear Equation Matrices Determinant
Solving use Matrix of minor (Determinant IAI)
inverse method Matrix of cofactor (C)
Cramer’s Rule method Adjoint ( Multiplied by
• A matrix represents a rectangular array of numbers and
usually enclosed in bracket.
• The numbers in the matrix are called the elements of the
matrix.
• The size of matrix is describe by the number of rows times
the number of columns [read ‘m by n’] matrix.
Types of matrices:
1) Row and Column Matrix
• A matrix which has only one row or one column.
1
Example: 1 3 8 , 4
6
2) Square Matrix
• A matrix with the same number of rows and column
6 5 3
2 4
Example: , 9 3 8
3 5 7 2 4
3) Zero Matrix
• A matrix with all the elements denoted by zero.
0 0 0
0 0
Example: ,
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
4) Diagonal Matrix
• All its elements except those of the leading diagonal are zeros.
1 0 0
2 0
Example: ,
0 5 0
0 7 0 0 3
5) Identity Matrix
• A square matrix with the diagonal elements equal to 1 and the
other elements equal to 0.
1 0 0
1 0
Example: ,
0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1
6) Upper Triangular Matrix
• The elements below leading diagonal are zeros
1 5 7
Example: 0 2 8
0 0 3
7) Lower Triangular Matrix
• The elements above leading diagonal are zeros.
1 0 0
Example: 4 2 0
9 6 3
8) Symmetrical Matrix
• Square matrix with aij = aji
1 2 5
1 4
Example: , 2 3 4
4 1 5 4 2
OPERATION OF MATRICES
The Transpose of A Matrix
If A is an m x n matrix, then the transpose of A written as , or .
Example: B , find
Solution :
•
Minor
• Minor denoted by Mij.
Example if A then the minors M11, M21 and M22 are given as
• M21
• M22
Minor for square matrix A as follow
• Denoted by Mij
• M21
• M31
Minor
• . Example if A then the minors M11, M21 and M31 are given as
Use Formula
•M
• M21
• M31 [(5
Cofactor
• Cofactor denoted by Cij. Example if A then the cofactors C11, C21 and
C31 are given as
Use Formula
• M11 =
• M21 =
• M31 =
The Determinant of A Matrix
(Denoted by IAI or det A.)
Determinant of a square matrix A = is given by
det A = Formula
Example : if A , find IAI.
Solution :
IAI
Find the determinant of matrix B = = IBI = 22
Determinant of a square matrix A
IAI a11 a12 a13
Use FORMULA
• a12
• a13
• Example : Find the determinant of the matrix A
• Solution IAI 3
• Find the determinant of the matrix B
Do it!
• 1) Page 617
No.1(a) & (b)
No. 2 (a) & (b)
• 2) Find the determinant :
B)
C)
Inverse Matrix
𝟏
Inverse matrix ¿ 𝑨∨¿¿
Matrix of Multiply
Cofactors Adjoint 1
Minor by ¿ A∨¿¿
System of Linear Equations with two and
three variables
The system of linear equations can be written in the matrix form:
3x 4 y 4 3 4 x 4
a)
7x 2 y 6
7 2 y 6
x yz 1 1 1 1 x 1
b)
3x 2 y z 2
3 2 1 y 2
2 x 5 y 3 z 1 2 5 3 z 1
Solving System of Linear Equations
1) Using Inverse Matrix Method
𝑨𝑿=𝒃
Example : Solve the following system of linear equations: Formula b
7x 4 y 4
7x 2 y 6
Solution :
Hence,
7 4 x 4 7 -4 4
Α=
7 2 y 6 7 -2 6
1 2 4
7(2) 7(4) 7 7
1 2 4 4
14 7 7 6
1 8 24
14 28 42
1 16
14 14
8
7
1
Solving System of Linear Equations
2) Cramer’s Rule Method
Dx Dy
Example : Solve the following system of linear equations: Formula x ,y
D D
7x 4 y 4
7x 2 y 6
Solution :
7 4 x 4 7 4 4
and
7 2 y 6 7 2 6
7 4
D 14
7 2
4 4
Dx 16
6 2
7 4
Dy 14
7 6
Dx 16 8
x
D 14 7
Dy 14
y 1
D 14
Hence,
