Algorithm and Flowcharts
Introduction
A typical programming task can be divided into two phases:
Problem solving phase
produce an ordered sequence of steps that describe solution of problem
this sequence of steps is called an algorithm
Implementation phase
implement the program in some programming language
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Introduction…
Algorithm: “a finite sequence of unambiguous, executable steps
or instructions, which, if followed would ultimately terminate and
give the solution of the problem”.
Algorithm: A set of unambiguous instructions for solving a
problem or sub-problem in a finite amount of time using a finite
amount of data
Why must instructions be unambiguous?
Why must time and data be finite?
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Testing an Algorithm
Desk checking
Working through a design at a desk with a pencil and paper
Walk-through
Manual simulation of the design by team members, taking sample
data values and simulating the design using the sample data
Inspection
One person (not the designer) reads the design (handed out in
advance) line by line while the others point out errors
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Problem Solving
How do you solve problems?
Understand the problem
Devise a plan
Carry out the plan
Look back
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Problem Solving…
Analysis and Specification Phase
Analyze
Specify
Algorithm Development Phase
Develop algorithm
Test algorithm
Implementation Phase
Code algorithm
Test algorithm
Maintenance Phase
Use
Maintain
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Problem Solving…
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Problem Solving…
Ask questions!
What do I know about the problem?
What is the information that I have to process in order to find
the solution?
What does the solution look like?
What sort of special cases exist?
How will I recognize that I have found
the solution?
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Problem Solving…
Ask questions! Never reinvent the wheel!
Similar problems come up again and again in different guises
A good programmer recognizes a task or subtask that has been
solved before and plugs in the solution
Can you think of two similar problems?
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Problem Solving…
Divide and Conquer!
Break up a large problem into smaller units and solve each smaller
problem
Applies the concept of abstraction
The divide-and-conquer approach can be applied over and over
again until each subtask is manageable
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Problem Solving…
First produce a general algorithm
Refine the algorithm successively to get step by step detailed
algorithm that is very close to a computer language (pseudocode)
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Problem Solving…
Example: Write an algorithm to determine a student’s final grade
and indicate whether it is passing or failing. The final grade is
calculated as the average of four marks.
Algorithm:
Input a set of 4 marks
Calculate their average by summing and dividing by 4
if average is below 50
Print “FAIL”
else
Print “PASS”
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Problem Solving…
Detailed Algorithm (Pseudocode)
Step 1: Input M1,M2,M3,M4
Step 2: GRADE (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4
Step 3: if (GRADE < 50) then
Print “FAIL”
else
Print “PASS”
endif
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Flowchart
(Dictionary) A schematic representation of a sequence of
operations, as in a manufacturing process or computer program.
(Technical) A graphical representation of the sequence of
operations in an information system or program.
Information system flowcharts show how data flows from source
documents through the computer to final distribution to users.
Program flowcharts show the sequence of instructions in a single
program or subroutine. Different symbols are used to draw each
type of flowchart.
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Flowchart…
A Flowchart
shows logic of an algorithm
emphasizes individual steps and their interconnections
e.g. control flow from one action to the next
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Flowchart Symbols
Name Symbol Use in Flowchart
Oval Denotes the beginning or end of the program
Parallelogram Denotes an input operation
Rectangle Denotes a process to be carried out
e.g. addition, subtraction, division etc.
Diamond Denotes a decision (or branch) to be made.
The program should continue along one of
two routes. (e.g. IF/THEN/ELSE)
Hybrid Denotes an output operation
Flow line Denotes the direction of logic flow in the program
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Example: Flowchart
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Example 1
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to convert the length in
feet to centimeter.
Algorithm:
Input the length in feet (Lft)
Calculate the length in cm (Lcm) by multiplying LFT with 30
Print length in cm (LCM)
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Example 1…
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Example 2…
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that will read the two
sides of a rectangle and calculate its area.
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Example 2…
Algorithm
Input the width (W) and Length (L) of a rectangle
Calculate the area (A) by multiplying L with W
Print A
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Example 2…
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Example 3
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that will calculate the
roots of a quadratic equation
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Example 3…
Algorithm:
Input the coefficients (a, b, c) of the quadratic equation
Calculate d
Calculate x1
Calculate x2
Print x1 and x2
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Example 3…
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Example 4
Write an algorithm that reads two values, determines the largest
value and prints the largest value with an identifying message.
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Example 4…
ALGORITHM
Step 1: Input VALUE1, VALUE2
Step 2: if (VALUE1 > VALUE2) then
MAX VALUE1
else
MAX VALUE2
endif
Step 3: Print “The largest value is”, MAX
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Example 4…
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Example 5
Write an algorithm that reads three numbers and prints the value
of the largest number.
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Example 5…
Step 1: Input N1, N2, N3
Step 2: if (N1>N2) then
if (N1>N3) then
MAX N1 [N1>N2, N1>N3]
else
MAX N3 [N3>N1>N2]
endif
else
if (N2>N3) then
MAX N2 [N2>N1, N2>N3]
else
MAX N3 [N3>N2>N1]
endif
endif
Step 3: Print “The largest number is”, MAX
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Example 5…
Flowchart: Draw the flowchart of the above Algorithm.
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Example 6
Write and algorithm and draw a flowchart to
a) read an employee name (NAME), overtime hours worked
(OVERTIME), hours absent (ABSENT) and
b) determine the bonus payment (PAYMENT).
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Example 6…
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Example 6…
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Example 6…
Flowchart: Draw the flowchart of the above algorithm?
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Types of Errors
Syntax Errors: Violation of syntactic rules in a Programming Language
generates syntax errors.
Effect? Interpreter or Compiler finds it in Syntax Check Phase.
Semantic Errors: Doing logical mistakes cause semantic errors in
Source code.
Effect? Interpreters and Compilers cannot notice them, but on
execution, they cause unexpected results.
Run-time Errors: Occur on program execution. Mostly caused by
invalid data entry or tries to use not existing resources.
Effect? It occurs on run time and may crash the program execution
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Assignment
1. Write the algorithm and pseudo-code for an ATM machine that
strictly allows only the following transactions to be carried out
by the user: check account balance, withdraw money, buy
airtime and deposit cash. Withdrawals and airtime purchases
require that there must be sufficient balance in the account. The
system should not allow any ATM transaction of more than KES
20,000. All transaction require PIN authentication and any three
consecutive wrong PIN inputs results in retention of the users
ATM card.
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Assignment…
2. Using the below tax table for monthly income (slide 39) and
the example PAYE computation in slide number 40 write a C
program that accepts monthly gross salary as the input and
computes PAYE to be deducted. The program should accept
any amount greater than zero. More information can also be
obtained from the emailed PAYE guide.
Use the if, elseif, and if-else statements where appropriate.
If the total tax is less than Kshs. 1,162 then the tax relief
should not apply.
38 Your output
Algorithms should look like the one shown in slide number
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Assignment…
3. Develop an algorithm for a vending machine controller that sells
three products: coke, castle and mineral water at a cost of Kshs.
50.00, Kshs. 30.00 and Kshs. 15.00 respectively. The machine
accepts only Kshs. 5.00, 10.00, 20.00, and 40.00 coins as inputs.
Change is only available in multiples of Kshs. 5.00. The
machine operates as follows: the user inserts sufficient amount
of money and presses the product button. The vending machine
responds by giving out the selected product and change when
due.
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Lab Exercise
1. Write a C/C++ program that adds two vectors of the same size.
For example: (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) plus (9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1).
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END
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