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Lecture - 01 Part01

Here are the key points about access networks: - Access networks connect end systems like PCs, phones to edge routers - Types include residential (DSL, cable), institutional (school/work WiFi), mobile - Bandwidth varies significantly - mobile slower than home, for example - Residential and institutional networks often shared between users - Provide "last mile" connection from end systems to the internet core So in summary, access networks bridge the gap between end systems and the internet backbone by providing physical connections to edge routers using various technologies, with bandwidth and sharing models depending on the type of access.

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Irfan Haider Munir Hussain
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19 views

Lecture - 01 Part01

Here are the key points about access networks: - Access networks connect end systems like PCs, phones to edge routers - Types include residential (DSL, cable), institutional (school/work WiFi), mobile - Bandwidth varies significantly - mobile slower than home, for example - Residential and institutional networks often shared between users - Provide "last mile" connection from end systems to the internet core So in summary, access networks bridge the gap between end systems and the internet backbone by providing physical connections to edge routers using various technologies, with bandwidth and sharing models depending on the type of access.

Uploaded by

Irfan Haider Munir Hussain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Networks and the

Internet
Contents
• What is the Internet ?
• The Network Edge
• The Network Core
• Delay, Loss and throughput
• Protocol Layers and their service models
End systems are connected together by a network of communication links and packet switches

What is the Internet ?


• The Internet is a computer network that interconnects billions of
computing devices throughout the world.
Term computer network is beginning to sound a bit
dated End Systems
such as laptops, smartphones, tablets, TVs,
gaming consoles, thermostats, home security systems,
home appliances, watches, eye glasses, cars,
traffic control systems and more are being connected
to the Internet
Communication Links coaxial cable, copper wire,
optical fiber, and radio spectrum
Different transmission rates for each medium
Sending/receiving packages of information are
known as packets

Packet Switches takes a packet arriving on one of its


incoming communication links and forwards that packet
on one of its outgoing communication links Routers. Switches
Packets are analogous to trucks,
Communication links  highways and roads,
packet switches intersections, Internet standards are developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force
end systems buildings. (IETF)
The IETF standards documents are called requests for comments (RFCs).
Just as a truck takes a path They define protocols such as TCP, IP, HTTP (for the Web), and SMTP (for e-
through the transportation mail).
network, There are currently more than 7,000 RFCs.
packet takes a path through
a computer network.
End systems access the Internet through ISPs. Each ISP is in itself a network of packet switches and communication links.
• residential ISPs PTCL
• university ISPs; HEC Pakistan
• cellular data ISPs, providing mobile access to our smartphones and other devices.
The Internet is all about connecting end systems to each other, so the ISPs that provide access to end systems
must also be interconnected.

End systems, packet switches, and other pieces of the Internet run protocols that control the sending
and receiving of information within the Internet. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
and the Internet Protocol (IP) are two of the most important protocols in the Internet.
What’s a protocol? protocols define format, order
of messages sent and
a human protocol and a computer network protocol: received among network
entities, and actions taken
on message transmission,
Hi TCP connection receipt
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time
A closer look at network structure:
The computers and  network edge: mobile network
other devices • hosts: clients and servers
connected to the Internet • servers often in data centers global ISP
are often referred to as end systems.
They are referred to as end systems because they sit at the edge of the Internet,
home
 access networks, network
regional ISP
physical media: wired,
wireless
Hosts= End Systems  communication
network core:
links
• interconnected routers
• network of networks

institutional
The computers and other devices connected to the Internet are often network
referred to as end systems.
They are referred to as end systems because they sit at the edge of the Internet,
Hosts : clients and servers.
Informally, clients tend to be desktop and mobile PCs,
smartphones, and so on, whereas servers tend to be more
powerful machines that store and distribute
Web pages, stream video, relay e-mail, and so on.

Today, most of the servers from which we receive


search results, e-mail, Web pages, and videos reside in large
data centers.
For example, Google has 50-100 data centers, including about
15 large centers, each with more than 100,000 servers.
Access networks

Q: How to connect end


systems to edge router?
 residential access nets
 institutional access
networks (school, company)
 mobile access networks
keep in mind:
 bandwidth (bits per second)
of access network?
 shared or dedicated?

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