ATOMS

22 november
 Topics:
1. Introduction
2. Alpha-particle scattering and Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom
• Alpha-particle trajectory
• Electron orbits
3. Atomic spectra
• Spectral series
4. Bohr model of the hydrogen atom
• Energy levels
5. The line spectra of the hydrogen atoms
6. De-Broglie explanation of Bohr’s second postulate of quantisation.
Introduction
Introduction
Alpha particle scattering experiment
Experimental arrangement:
Observation:
Conclusion from the experiment
Alpha particle trajectory
Distance of closest approach: Estimation of size of nucleus
Impact parameter:b
Rutherford model of an atom and its limitation
Drawback of Rutherford model of an atom
Bohr’s atomic model
Calculation of r, v, P.E, K.E, T.E
Energy level diagram
Drawback in Bohr’s atomic model
 ATOMIC SPECTRA
1) Emission spectrum
2) Absorption spectrum
 ATOMIC SPECTRA
• Each element has a characteristic spectrum of radiation, which it emits.
• When an atomic gas or vapour is excited at low pressure, usually by passing an electric current
through it, the emitted radiation has a spectrum which contains certain specific wavelengths only.
• A spectrum of this kind is termed as emission line spectrum and it consists of bright lines on a dark
background.
• The spectrum emitted by atomic hydrogen is shown in Fig. 12.5. Study of emission line spectra of a
material can therefore serve as a type of “fingerprint” for identification of the gas.
• When white light passes through a gas and we analyse the transmitted light using a spectrometer
we find some dark lines in the spectrum.
• These dark lines correspond precisely to those wavelengths which were found in the emission line
spectrum of the gas. This is called the absorption spectrum of the material of the gas.
Emission spectrum
Spectral series of Hydrogen atom
Spectral series of Hydrogen atom
Energy level diagram of hydrogen atom
and its various spectral series
DE BROGLIE’S EXPLANATION OF BOHR’S SECOND POSTULATE OF QUANTISATION
• Thus de Broglie hypothesis provided an explanation for Bohr’s second postulate for
the quantisation of angular momentum of the orbiting electron.
• The quantised electron orbits and energy states are due to the wave nature of the
electron and only resonant standing waves can persist.
Sol:
Thank you!!!
DE BROGLIE’S EXPLANATION OF BOHR’S SECOND POSTULATE OF QUANTISATION
• De Broglie’s hypothesis that material particles, such as electrons, also have a wave
nature.
• C. J. Davisson and L. H. Germer later experimentally verified the wave nature of
electrons in 1927.
• Louis de Broglie argued that the electron in its circular orbit, as proposed by Bohr, must
be seen as a particle wave.
• In analogy to waves travelling on a string, particle waves too can lead to standing waves
under resonant conditions.
• From Chapter 14 of Class XI Physics textbook, we know that when a string is plucked, a
vast number of wavelengths are excited. However only those wavelengths survive
which have nodes at the ends and form the standing wave in the string.
• It means that in a string, standing waves are formed when the total distance travelled
by a wave down the string and back is one wavelength, two wavelengths, or any
integral number of wavelengths.
• Waves with other wavelengths interfere with themselves upon reflection and their
amplitudes quickly drop to zero. For an electron moving in nth circular FIGURE 12.8 A
standing wave is shown on a circular orbit where four de Broglie wavelengths fit into
the circumference of the orbit. orbit of radius rn , the total distance is the
circumference of the orbit, 2prn .
• Thus, 2p rn = nl, n = 1, 2, 3... (12.12) Figure 12.8 illustrates a standing particle wave on a
circular orbit for n = 4, i.e., 2prn = 4l, where l is the de Broglie wavelength of the electron
moving in nth orbit.
• From Chapter 11, we have l = h/p, where p is the magnitude of the electron’s momentum.
If the speed of the electron is much less than the speed of light, the momentum is mvn .
• Thus, l = h/ mvn . From Eq. (12.12), we have 2p rn = n h/mvn or m vn rn = nh/2p This is the
quantum condition proposed by Bohr for the angular momentum of the electron [Eq.
(12.15)].
• In Section 12.5, we saw that this equation is the basis of explaining the discrete orbits and
energy levels in hydrogen atom.
• Thus de Broglie hypothesis provided an explanation for Bohr’s second postulate for the
quantisation of angular momentum of the orbiting electron.
• The quantised electron orbits and energy states are due to the wave nature of the electron
and only resonant standing waves can persist.