Face & Muscles of Facial

Expression

Dr: nouh botan

 Scal
• p
The scalp is the part of
the head that extends
from the superciliary
arches anteriorly to
the external occipital
protuberance and
superior nuchal lines
posteriorly.
• Laterally it
continues inferiorly
to the zygomatic
arch.
Scal
p
 Scal
• The scalp is a p
multilayered structure
with layers that can
be defined by the
word itself:
– S-skin
– C-connective tissue
(dense)
– A-aponeurotic layer
(galea
aponeurotica)
– L-loose connective
tissue
– P-pericranium
 Scal
• The first three layers
p
are tightly held
together, forming
a single unit.
• This unit is sometimes
referred to as the scalp
proper and is the
tissue torn away
during serious
'scalping' injuries.
Scal
p
 Scal
•
p
Skin is thick, hair bearing and contains numerous
sebaceous glands.
• Connective tissue is fibrofatty, the fibrous septa uniting the
skin to the underlying aponeurosis of the occipitofrontalis
muscle. Numerous arteries and veins are found in this layer.
The arteries are branches of the external and internal
carotid arteries, and a free anastomosis takes place
between them.
• Aponeurosis (epicranial) is a thin, tendinous sheet that
unites the occipital and frontal bellies of the
occipitofrontalis muscle. The lateral margins of the
aponeurosis are attached to the temporal fascia.
 Scal
•
p
Loose areolar tissue occupies the subaponeurotic space and
loosely connects the epicranial aponeurosis to the
periosteum of the skull (the pericranium). The areolar tissue
contains a few small arteries, but it also contains some
important emissary veins. The emissary veins are valveless
and connect the superficial veins of the scalp with the
diploic veins of the skull bones and with the intracranial
venous sinuses.
– Called dangerous layer of scalp-emissary veins open
here and carry any infections inside the brain (venous
sinus).
– Bleeding lead to black eye.
• Pericranium, which is the periosteum covering the
outer surface of the skull bones.
 Muscle of the
Occipitofrontalis
ScalpMuscle
• It has a frontal belly anteriorly, an occipital belly
posteriorly, and an aponeurotic tendon
(epicranial aponeurosis) connecting the two.
Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Supply Action

Occipitofrontalis

occipital belly Highest nuchal Moves

line of scalp on
occipital bone Epicranial skull and
aponeurosi Facial raises
s nerve eyebrows
frontal belly Skin and
superficia
l fascia of
eyeborw
Occipitofrontalis
Muscle
 Fac
• Very vascular e
• Due to rich
vascularity face blush
and blanch.
• Facial skin is rich in
sebaceous gland
and sweat gland.
• Wounds of face bleed
profusely but heal
rapidly.
• Sebaceous gland keep
the skin oily but also
cause acne in adult.
 Fac
• Called muscle of e
facial expression and
lie in superficial
fascia.
• Embryologically they
develop from
mesoderm of 2nd
branchial arch,
therefore supplied
by facial nerve.
• No deep fascia is
present in the
face.
 Muscles of the
Face
• Orbital group
• Nasal group
• Oral group
• Other muscle
groups
Muscles of the
Face
 Orbital
group
• Two muscles are
– Orbicularis oculi
– Corrugator
supercilii
 Orbicularis
• 3 parts- oculi
• Orbital part(outer)
– Originate from medial part of medial palpebral ligament and form
concentric
rings, return to point of origin
Action –closes the lids tightly
• Palpebral part(Inner)
– Originate from lateral part of medial palpebral ligament
– Insert into lateral palpebral raphe
Action-closes the lids gently
• Lacrimal part(Small)
– Originate from lacrimal fascia& lacrimal bone
– Insert into upper &lower tarsi
Action-dilate lacrimal sac
Orbicularis
oculi
Orbicularis
oculiPalpebral
part
Orbital part
Orbicularis
oculi
 Corrugator supercillii
• Origin : superciliary arch
• Insertion: skin of the
eyebrow
• Action: produces vertical
wrinkles of the forehead
in frowning as an
expression of annoyance
 Nasal
•
group
Three muscles are
associated with
the nasal group:
– Nasalis
– Procerus
– Depressor septi
nasi
Nasal
group
 Compressor naris
• Origin: Frontal process
of the maxilla
• Insertion: Aponeurosis
which crosses the
bridge of the nose
• Action: Compresses the
mobile nasal cartilages
 Dilator naris
• Origin : Maxilla bone
• Insertion: Ala of the
nose
• Action: Widens the nasal
aperture (by pulling the
alar laterally) in deep
inspiration; is also a sign
of anger
 Procerus
• Origin: nasal bone and
lateral nasal cartilage
• Insertion: skin
between the eyebrows
• Action:
– pulls down the medial
end of the eyebrow
– wrinkles the skin of
the
nose transversely in
frowning
 Oral
• group
The muscles in the oral group move the lips and
cheek:
– Orbicularis oris
– Buccinator
– Lower group of oral muscles
• depressor anguli oris
• depressor labii inferioris
• Mentalis
– Upper group of oral muscles
• risorius
• zygomaticus major and zygomaticus minor
• levator labii superioris
• levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
• levator anguli oris
 Orbicularis oris
• Origin: from
maxilla above
incisor teeth
• Insertion: into skin
of lip.
• Action: closes
the mouth
 Buccinato
• Upper fibers
r
– Origin- from maxilla opposite molar
teeth
– Insertion-upper lip
• Lower fibers
– Origin-from mandible opposite
molar teeth
– Insertion-lower lip
• Middle fibers
– Origin –from pterigomandibular
raphe
– Insertion-decussate before passing to
lips
• Action- it aids in mastication by prevent
accumulation of food in vestibule of
mouth. It is used every time air
expanding the cheeks is forcefully
expelled
 Other muscle
•
groups
They include:
– Platysma
– Auricular (anterior,
superior, and
posterior auricular
muscles)
– Occipitofrontalis
 Platysma
• Origin– upper part
of pectoral and
deltoid fascia
• Insertion– base of
mandible, skin of
lower face and lip
• Action– releases
pressure of skin on the
subjacent veins, depress
mandible, pulls angle of
mouth downwards.
Muscles of the
Face