H ALCHOHOLS AND PHENOLS
GROUP 01
ABEEHA KHAN
GHULAM MUSTAFA
KASHAF SHAHID
MUNTAHA MEHAK
ABU BAKAR
ABDUL HANAN
IMAN FATIMA (210)
PRESENTED
TO
PRESENTER 01
ABEEHA
KHAN
INTRODUCTION TO ALCHOHOL
CLASSIFICATION
NOMENCLATURE
ALCOHOLS
• Alcohols are a class of organic compounds that
contain a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to a
carbon atom
• ◦
They are characterized by the presence of the hydroxyl
group, which consists of an oxygen atom bonded to a
hydrogen atom.
• The general formula for alcohols is R-OH, where R
represents
an alkyl or aryl group.
• Alcohols can be found in various natural and synthetic
substances, including beverages such as beer, wine,
CLASSIFICATION:
• Monohydric Alcohols
Contain one hydroxyl group per molecule.
Example: CH₃OH (Methanol)
• Dihydric Alcohols
Contain two hydroxyl groups per molecule.
Example: HOCH₂CH₂OH (Ethylene glycol)
• Trihydric Alcohols
Contain three hydroxyl groups per molecule.
Example: C₃H₈O₃ (Glycerol)
CONT..
Monohydric alcohols are classified
into three types:
Primary alcohol
Secondary alcohol
Tertiary alcohol
NOMENCLATURE
1- Identify the longest chain(parent chain)
2-Numbering the parent chain.
3- If more than one OH groups are attached, they are Indicated by an appropriate
suffix diol, triol, etc.
4- Multiple functional group then prefer the first according to the table. We
prefer first carbonyl group then Halide then hydroxyl group and then double
bond of alkene.
Preparatio
n Of
Alcochols
Presenter 02
Abu Bakar
Methods of preparation
Chemical
Properties of
alcohol
PRESENTER 03
KASHAF
SHAHID
Oxidation Reaction of Alcohol – Alcohols
produce aldehydes and ketones on oxidation. The
reaction is
C₂H₅OH +given below CH₃–COOH +
2O 🡪 Ethanol H₂O
Combustion of Alcohol – OnMethanoic acid
heating ethanol
gives carbon dioxide and water and burns with a
blue
flame. The reaction is given below –
C₂H₅OH
+ 3O₂ 🡪 2CO₂ + 3H₂O
Dehydration of Alcohol – Alcohol can be
dehydrated in an acidic medium. The removal of
water
molecules from a compound is called dehydration.
Upon dehydration of alcohol alkenes are produced.
The reaction is given below –
The reaction of Alcohol With Metal – Due to its
acidic nature alcohol reacts with metal and forms
alkoxide. For example, when ethanol reacts with
sodium forms sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas.
The reaction is
given below –
2C₂H₅OH + 2Na →2C₂H₅ONa + H₂
Formation of Halides From Alcohols – Alcohol
reacts with HCl and forms alkyl halides by removal
of
hydroxyl groups. The reaction is given below
ROH + HCl (Zn) 🡪 R-Cl + H₂
Esterification – Alcohol reacts with a carboxylic
acid
in presence of a catalyst and forms ester. It is called
Fischer esterification. The reaction is given below
Physical properties of alcohol:
Boiling Point: Alcohol has a lower boiling point than water, making it
evaporate more easily.
Density: It is less dense than water, causing it to float on water
surfaces.
Color and Odor: Alcohol is typically colorless with a noticeable odor.
Solubility: It easily mixes with water and various organic solvents.
Flammability: Alcohol is highly flammable, posing a fire risk.
PRESENTER 04
ABDUL HANAN
Pharmaceutical importance of Alcohols
PRESENTER 04
ABDUL
HANAN
Active Ingredients
Ethanol and Isopropanol are found as an active ingredient in
Oral
Parenteral
Topical (including inhalation) prescription and non
prescription drug products
oral parenta topical
l
Drug solubility Enhancement
Alcohols are used to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drugs,
improving their bio availability and effectiveness .
Co-solvents
Alcohols act as co-solvents in pharmaceutical formulations,
assisting in the dissolution of both lipophilic and hydrophilic
components
Disinfectants
Certain alcohols, like isopropyl alcohol, are employed as disinfectants in
pharmaceutical settings, ensuring aseptic conditions during the
manufacturing process
Stabilizing
They are utilized as stabilizing agent in some formulations,contributing to
the
stability and integrity of pharmaceutical products
Tinctures and extracts
Alcoholic solutions, known as tinctures, are used to extract and preserve active
compounds from medicinal plants , contributing to the preparation of herbal
medicines
PHENOLS
PRESENTER 05
GHULAM MUSTAFA
INTRODUCTION
• Phenol is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular
formula (C6H5OH).
• It is a white crystalline solid that is volatile.
• It is a component of industrial paint strippers used in the
aviation industry and other chemically resistant coatings.
• Phenol derivatives are also used in the preparation of
cosmetics.
Preparation
1. Dow’s Process
MECHANISM
• Step 1: Hydroxide ion removes proton from carbon adjacent to
carbon bonded to chlorine.This leads to elimination of water
molecule followed by formation of shortly lived benzyne
intermediate.
• Step 2: The hydroxide ion attacks benzyne intermediate
to give sodium phenoxide which on acidification gives
phenol.
Note:The mechanism is called benzyne mechanism as it
involves formation of benzyne intermediate
From Aniline (diazotization
reaction)
From benzenesulphonic
acid
From cumene
From Grignard Reagent
IDENTIFICATION TEST OF PHENOLS
1. Litmus Test:
Phenol turns blue litmus paper in red, this shows
that phenol is acidic in nature. Red litmus paper
in blue, this shows that phenol is basic in nature.
2. Ferric Chloride Test:
Aqueous solution of phenols react with
freshly prepared ferric chloride solution gives
coloured complex. Mostly phenol gives dark
colour.
3.Bromine Water Test:
Take aqueous solution of phenol and add
excess of bromine water a yellowish white
precipitate obtained.
4.Libermann Test:
When phenol is reacted NaNO2 And concentrated
H2SO4, a deep green is obtained which change into
red when dilute with water. When a little amount
of NaOH added to it, the solution becomes deep
blue colour.
5.Phthalein dye test(flourescein test):
Phenol on heating with phthalic anhydride in the presence of H2SO4 it
form colourless condensation compound phenolphthalein. On further
reaction with dilute NaOH it gives pink colour fluorescent compound
called flourescein which indicate that substance is phenol.
PRESENTER 06
MUNTAHA
MEHAK
PROPERTIES OF PHENOLS
PRESENTER 06
MUNTAHA MEHAK
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Color And Odour:
Phenols are white crystalline, colorless and poisonous
solids with
phenolic odour.
Boiling Point:
Phenols generally have high boiling points as compared to other
hydrocarbons.
Solubility:
Phenol is moderately soluble in water.
Toxicity:
They are highly toxic in nature and posses antiseptic properties
and
causes wounds, blisters on skin.
Chirality:
Phenols posses chirality within their molecules due to absence of
planar and axial symmetry
NITRATION OF PHENOLS:
When phenols react with dilute nitric acids at low temperatue then
it
gives a mixture of ortho and para nitrophenols.
Halogenation Of Phenols
When phenol is treated with bromine water it gives
2,4,6-
Tribromophenol as a white precipitate.
Libermanns Reaction:
When phenol is treated with sodium dissolved in conc.sulphuric acid
which changes to blue on adding aqueous NaOH.This is called as Libermanns
reaction.
Acidity of phenols:
Phenols react with active metals such as sodium,potassium
etc. to form corresponding phenoxide.
PRESENTER 07
IMAN
FATIMA(210)
Pharmaceutical uses of phenols
PRESENTER 07
IMAN FATIMA(210)
MEDICINAL USE:
Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, has antiseptic properties and is used
in various medicinal applications. It can be found in some throat sprays,
skin disinfectants, and oral analgesics. Additionally, phenol has been
historically used in the treatment of certain skin conditions and as a
local anesthetic. However, due to its potential toxicity, its medical use is
carefully regulated and often replaced by safer alternatives in modern
medicine.
In synthesis of drugs:
Aspirin (Acetylsalcilic acid):
Phenol is acetylated to produce acetylsalicylic acid, the active
ingredient in aspirin, which is widely used as an analgesic and
anti-
: inflammatory medication
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol):
Phenol can be a precursor in the synthesis of acetaminophen, a
common pain reliever and fever reducer.
Chloropheniramine Maleate (Antihistamine):
Phenol derivatives can be involved in the synthesis of antihistamines, such
as
chlorpheniramine maleate, used to treat allergies.
Bisphenol A (BBA):
Although not a drug, bisphenol A is synthesized from phenol and is used in the
production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, which have various
applications.
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