Balancing of Rotating Masses: Static Balancing
Dr P. Ravinder Reddy,
Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology,
Email:[email protected]
Ph:9391033002
UNIT-III: Balancing of Rotating Masses:
Forces on bearings due to rotating shaft carrying
several masses in several planes.
Determination of balance masses from the forces on
the bearings.
What is balancing of rotating members?
Balancing means a process of restoring a
rotor which has unbalance to a balanced
state by adjusting the mass distribution of
the rotor about its axis of rotation
Balancing
"is the process of attempting to
improve the mass distribution
of a body so that it rotates in its
bearings without unbalanced
centrifugal forces”
Mass balancing is routine for rotating
machines,some reciprocating machines,
and vehicles
Mass balancing is necessary for quiet
operation, high speeds , long bearing life,
operator comfort, controls free of malfunctioning,
or a "quality" feel
Rotating components for balancing
• Pulley & gear • Starter armatures • Airspace
shaft assemblies
components
• High speed
machine tool • Flywheels • Impellers
spindles
• Centrifuge rotors •rotors
Electric motor • Fan and blowers
• Compressor • Turbochargers • Precision shafts
rotors
• Crank shafts • Grinding wheels • Steam & Gas
Turbine rotors
Cut away section of centrifugal compressor
Benefits of balancing
Increase quality of operation.
Minimize vibration.
Minimize audible and signal noises.
Minimize structural fatigue stresses.
Minimize operator annoyance and fatigue.
Increase bearing life.
Minimize power loss.
NEED FOR BALANCING
Rotating a rotor which has unbalance
causes the following problems.
The whole machine vibrates.
Noise occurs due to vibration of
the whole machine.
Abrasion of bearings may shorten
the life of the machine.
Rotating Unbalance occurs due to the
following reasons.
The shape of the rotor is unsymmetrical.
Un symmetrical exists due to a machining error.
The material is not uniform, especially in
Castings.
A deformation exists due to a distortion.
An eccentricity exists due to a gap of
fitting.
An eccentricity exists in the inner ring of
rolling bearing.
Non-uniformity exists in either keys or key
seats.
Non-uniformity exists in the mass of flange
Unbalance due to unequal distribution
of masses
. Types of Unbalance
Static Unbalance: A system of rotating masses
is said to be in static balance if the combined
mass centre of the system lies on the axis of
rotation.
Dynamic Unbalance: When several masses
rotate in different planes, the centrifugal
forces, in addition to being out of balance,
also form couples. A system of rotating
masses is in dynamic balance when there
does not exist any resultant centrifugal force
as well as resultant couple.
Balancing of rotating masses:
The process of providing the second mass in order to
counteract the effect of the centrifugal force of the
first mass is called balancing of rotating masses.
Static Balancing:
The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to
zero. This requires that the line of action of three
centrifugal forces must be the same. In other words,
the centre of the masses of the system must lie on the
axis of the rotation. This is the condition for static
balancing.
Dynamic Balancing
The net couple due to dynamic forces acting on the
shaft is equal to zero. The algebraic sum of the
moments about any point in the plane must be zero.
STATIC BALANCING
(SINGLE PLANE BALANCING
Balancing of several masses revolving in the
same plane using a Single balancing mass
m3r3 2 y
m3 2
m2r2
m2
2
1
3 m1 x
bearing m1r1 2
m4 mb
m4r4 2
Graphical method of determination magnitude
and angular position of the balancing mass
m4r4 2
m3r3 2
b
m b r b 2
O m2r2 2
m1r1 2
Force vector polygon
Determination of magnitude and angular position of the balancing
mass
m1r1 2 cos 1+ m2r2 2 cos 2
+ m3r3 2cos 3+ m4r4 2 cos 4
= mb cos b
m1r1 2 sin 1+ m2r2 2 sin 2
+ m3r3 2sin 3+ m4r4 2 sin 4
= mb sin b
magnitude ‘m b’ and position ‘b’ can be determined
by solving the above two equations.
Dynamic or "Dual-Plane" balancing
Statically balanced
2
mr but dynamically unbalanced
r
r
Brg A Brg B
l
m r 2
Load on each support Brg
due to unbalance = (m r 2 l)/ L
Several masses revolving in different planes
Apply dynamic couple on the rotating shaft
Dynamic unbalance
Balancing of several masses rotating in different planes
A B C D
Fc
End view Fb
Fd
Fa
L M
Plane Mass Radius Force / 2, Dist. From Couple / 2
M r M r =F , ref plane Mrl =C
( kg) (cm) (kg. cm) l , (cm) (kg cm 2)
A Ma ra Mara -la -Mara la
L Ml rl Ml rl 0 0
(Ref.plane)
B Mb rb Mbrb lb Mbrb lb
C Mc rc Mcrc lc Mcrc lc
M Mm rm Mmrm d Mmrmd
D Md rd Mdrd ld Mdrdld
A B C D
Fm la
Fc
lb
lc
Fb
ld
Fa
Fl d
Fd
L, M
End view
Ref plane side view of the planes
Fc
Fm =?
Cc
Fd
Fb
Fc
Fa Cb Fm
Cd Ca
Fl=Ml rl Fb
F l =? Cm=Mmrmd Fa
Fd Couple polygon force polygon
From couple polygon, by measurement, Cm = Mm X r m X d
From force polygon, by measurement, Fl = Ml X rl
