Sampling

- Barrot (2017) defined sampling as the process of systematically

selecting individuals, units, or groups to be analyzed during the
conduct of the study.
- The reason for selecting the samples is to get the information
about the target population. Thus, it is the goal in research to
make sure that the samples selected represent the target the
population. Being able to do this will increase the
generalizability of your findings.

Generalizability refers to the extent your findings can be applied in other

contexts.
Barrot (2017) presented different ways that can be used
in determining the sample size for a particular study:
 Heuristics
- It is a term normally used in qualitative studies as a research approach that utilizes
introspection. In quantitative research, it refers to the rule of thumb for the
sample size used in the study.
- Below are the suggested sample sizes in the different quantitative research designs
(Lunenburg & Irby, 2008).
Research Design # of Respondents/ Participants
Descriptive 800
Correlational 100-200
Ex-post Facto 30+
Experimental 30+
 Literature Review
- Another way to determine the sample size of your study is through
literature review. You may want to read studies similar to yours and
check the sample size that you plan to use.
 Formulas
- The formula below is called the Slovin’s Formula which is used to
determine the sample size of a particular population. Each variable in the
formula has a corresponding value which you can use for your
computation:

sample size n= total population

constant
total population margin of error
A margin of error refers to the degree by which you are allowing an error to happen
in making a decision, to accept or reject a hypothesis which could have been
otherwise. This also determines your confidence level in arriving at such a decision.
Confidence level Margin of error
99% 0.01
98% 0.02
97% 0.03
96% 0.04
95% 0.05
94% 0.06
93% 0.07
92% 0.08
91% 0.09
90% 0.10

Note: .05 level is considered the safest—meaning, not too confident (99%) and not too unsure (90%).
Example: You are faced with a population of 1, 500 individuals. Find the
sample
population using the formula with 95% level of confidence.
Given: Step 1: Step 4:
n= n=
N = 1,500
e = 0.05
Step 2: Final Answer:
n= n = 315.79 or 316
Formula: Note: If the answer is in decimal
n= number, always round it up regardless
of the value of the number next to it.
Step 3:
n= Thus, the sample size to be taken from
the population of 1, 500 is 316.
Probability/Random Sampling
- According to Barrot (2017), random sampling (or probability
sampling) involves the selection of a group of respondents from a
larger population by chance. Through random sampling, the
researcher is expected to obtain samples that will represent the
population from which they are taken.
Types of Probability/Random Sampling
a. Simple Random Sampling
b. Stratified Sampling
c. Systematic Sampling
d. Cluster Sampling
 Simple Random Sampling

- In this type of sampling, all individuals in a given population have an

equal chance of being selected. It is considered the best way to obtain a
representative sample.
- One technique that you can use is the fish bowl technique wherein you
select the participants by drawing out names from a transparent glass
bowl.
 Stratified Random
Sampling

- the population is divided into subgroups or strata (stratum in singular

form). The samples are then selected from these subgroups, and not
from the population as a whole. This technique is best used when the
characteristics of the subgroups may influence the variables being
measured. This means that the data obtained can be also grouped into
different classes.
Steps in determining the sample using the stratified sampling:
1. Find out the sample size from the total number of population
using the Slovin’s Formula.
2. Divide the sample size using the stratified sampling formula:

total population in a
sample size for each nk = stratum
stratum
total population sample size
Example: Example: Find the sample size in each stratum using the data below
with 95% confidence level:
Grade Level Male Female
Grade 11 300 342
Grade 12 256 288

Determine the following:

1. total population
2. sample size
3. sample size in each
stratum
 Systematic Sampling

- This technique selects respondents based on their order in the

population or on a predetermined interval. This interval is obtained by
dividing the population size by the sample size of your study using the
formula:
total population
interval k= sample size
Example:

k=

k=
Thus, the interval of one respondent from
k = 4.74 or 4 one another is 4.
Note: Always round the number down, regardless of the value
of the number after the decimal point. The lesser the interval,
the better, for it means that there will be more respondents to
be included in the sample size.
 Cluster Sampling
- involves the grouping of the population into subgroups or clusters.
However, these clusters are not created based on specific characteristics
or traits; thus, they are heterogeneous. This is a probability sampling
that makes you isolate a set of persons instead of individual members to
serve as the sample.
Example: If you want to have a sample of 240 out of 2, 000 students, you can
randomly select six sections with 40 students each to constitute the sample.
Thank you for listening!
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