Contemporary Business

Communication
MGMT 1052.
Jagadish Brahma G. (PhD)
Associate Professor

“You can have all the great ideas in the

world and if you can’t communicate,
nobody will hear them.”
-Kara Blackburn
Subject Topics

1. Communication - Meaning
2. Business Communication - Definition
3. Importance
4. Process
5. Types – One-way/Two-way, Verbal/Non- Verbal,
Oral/Written, Formal/Informal, Upward, Downward,
Lateral, Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Organizational,
6. Mass Communication
7. Models – SMCR, Shannon Weaver
8. Language Skills-Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing
Continuous Assessment

1. Contemporary communication importance in the Business

world. Writeup (25 marks). Group Work (Group size 10)
2. Class work: Write a letter requesting for an appointment
for an important business meeting (Class work in groups)
(25 Marks).
Final Exam: 50 Marks.
1. What is Communication?

 Derived from the Latin word "communis," meaning to

share.
 Communication is the exchange of thoughts, messages,

or information by speech, visuals, signals, writing, or

behaviour.
 It is the transmission of an idea or feeling so that the

 sender and receiver share the same understanding.

 2. Definition
“Communication is a process involving the selection,
production and transmission of signs in such a way as
to help a receiver perceive a meaning similar to that in
the mind of the communicator.”
-Fotheringham
 2.1 Business Communication -
Definition
 Business communication is the sharing of information

between people within an that

performed organization for the
organization. commercial benefit is of
the
 3. Importance
 In the professional world, communication and related

skills decide a person’s career curve - better the

communication skills, higher are the chances of touching
the point of success.
 The new global and diverse workplace requires excellent

spoken and written communication skills!

 4. Process of Communication
 Communication is a process whereby information is encoded,

channeled and sent by a sender to a receiver via some

medium.
 All forms of communication require a sender, a channel, a
message, a receiver and the feedback.
 A hindrance in the communication process is called noise
4.1 Components of Communication

 Sender - Initiates the communication process by

developing an idea into a message known as encoding.

 Channel - The sender transmits the message through a

channel, or a method of delivery; eg. e-mail, phone

conversations, instant messages, face-to-face discussion

or even a text message.

 Receiver This message then movesthrough
– the the receiver,
channel
communication processwho
by interpreting
completes andthe
assigning
to
meaning to the message known as decoding.
 Feedback - This is a critical component in the
communication process as it ensures a message was
properly received and interpreted.
5. Types

5.1 One-way , Two-way

5.2 Verbal(Oral & Written), Non-verbal
5.3 Formal, Informal(Grapevine)
5.4 Upward, Downward, Lateral
5.5 Interpersonal, Intrapersonal,
Organizational, Mass Communication
5.1 One way Communication

 One-way communication involves the transfer of

information in one direction only, from the sender to the
receiver.
 There is no opportunity for the receiver to give feedback
to the sender.
 Eg. weather report on television, newspaper, recorded
music on the CD, billboard messages
5.1.1 Two-way Communication

 Two-way communication is a form of transmission

in
which both parties involved, transmit information.
 Two-Way communication has also been referred to
as
interpersonal communication.
 Eg. Chat rooms and Instant Messaging,
Telephone conversations, classroom lectures etc.
5.2 Verbal Communication
In this type of communication the uses
professional language as a vehicle of

 communication.
Oral communication – A face-to-face
interaction between the sender and the receiver.

Eg. Making presentations and appearing for interviews

 Written Communication – The sender
uses the written mode to transmit
his/her messages.

Eg. Writing reports and emails.

5.2 Non Verbal Communication
When a message is communicated without using a word,
the process requires non-verbal cues to be transmitted
and received.

Eg. facial expressions, posture, eye contact, walk,

person’s voice, sign language, body language volume,
pitch, voice modulation etc.
 Communication includes both verbal and non-
verbal forms.
5.3 Formal
 Communication takes place
through the formal channels
of the organization structure
along the of
lines authority by
established
 management.
Such communications the are
generally in writing and may
take any of the forms; policy;
manuals: procedures and rule
books; memoranda; official
meetings; reports, etc.
 5.3.1 Informal
 Communication arising out of all those channels of
communication that fall outside the formal channels is
known as informal communication.
 Informal communication does not follow lines of authority
as is the case of formal communication.
 Such communication is usually oral and may be covered
even by simple glance, gesture or smile or silence.
 Eg. Talking with friends
Formal Informal
Official Channel Unofficial Channel
Planned & Systematic Cuts across formal
relationships
Goal and task oriented Individual Goal and
need oriented
Impersonal Personal & Social
Stable and rigid Flexible and instable
Slow & Structured Fast & unstructured
Authentic – little chance of Non- Authentic -
distortion bigger chance of
distortion
5.3.1 Grapevine
 It is an informal type
ofcommunication and is
so because called it
throughout the organization
stretches in
all directions irrespective of the
authority levels.
 It exists more at lower levels of
organization.
 Thus, grapevine spreads like
fire and it is not easy to trace
the cause of such
communication at times.
 5.4 Downward
 Communication in the first
place, flows downwards.
 All information in this
medium is usually in form of
instructions, directions and
orders.
 This direction
of communication
strengthens the authoritarian
structure of the organization.
 5.4.1 Upward
 Upward Communication is
the process of information
flowing from the lower levels
of a hierarchy to the upper
levels.
 The function of upward
communication is to send
information, suggestions,
complaints and grievances of
the lower level workers to
the managers above.
 5.4.2 Lateral/Horizontal
 This type of communication takes place between
persons at the same level or working under the same
executive.
 The main use of this is to maintain coordination and review
activities assigned to various subordinates.
 5.5 Interpersonal

 Interpersonal
communication is an
exchange of information
between two or more people.
 It is the process by which people
exchange information, feelings,
and meaning through verbal and
non-verbal messages.
5.5.1. Intrapersonal
 It is the communication which takes place within
one’s own self.
 This implies individual reflection, contemplation and
meditation.
 5.5.2 Organizational
 A process by which activities of a society are
collected and coordinated to reach the goals of both
individuals and the collective group.
 It is a subfield of general communications studies and is
often a component to effective management in a
workplace environment.
6. Mass Communication
 It is a means of conveying messages to an entire
populace.
 This is generally identified with tools of modern mass
media, which include books, the press, cinema,
television, radio, internet etc. It also includes speeches
delivered by leaders to a large audience
7. SMRC Model of Communication
SMCR MODEL
 The SMCR (Source-Message-Channel-Receiver)
Model is a standard in communication studies.
 This model was originally developed by Claude
Shannon and Warren Weaver, and then altered by
David Berlo, but the latest credit has been given to
Wilbur Schramm for his interactive interpretation.
 Source
The source is were the message originates.
 Attitudes – The attitude towards the audience,
subject and towards one self for e.g. for the
student the attitude is to learn more and for
teachers wants to help teach.
 Knowledge– The knowledge about the subject.
 Social system – The Social system includes the
various aspects in society like values, beliefs,
culture, religion and general understanding of
society.
 Culture: Culture of the particular society also
comes under social system.
 Message
 Encoder: The sender of the message
(message originates) is referred as encoder.
 Content – The beginning to the end of a
message comprises its content.
 Elements – It includes various things like
language, gestures, body language etc. so
these are all the elements of the particular
message.
 Treatment – The way in which the message is
conveyed or the way in which the message is
passed on or deliver it.
 Channel
 Hearing: The use of ears to get the message for
e.g. oral messages, interpersonal etc.
 Seeing: Visual channels for e.g. TV can be
seen and the message is delivered.
 Touching: The sense of touch can be used as
a channel to communicate for e.g. we touch and
buy food, hugging, pat on the back etc.
 Smelling: Smell also can be a channel to
communicate for e.g. perfumes, food, charred
smell communicates something is burning, we
can find out about which food is being cooked etc.
 Tasting : The tongue also can be used
to decipher e.g. Food can be tasted and
communication can happen.
 Decoder : Who receives the message and
decodes it is referred to as decoder.
 Receiver: The receiver needs to have all the
things like the source.
This model believes that for an effective
communication to take place the source and the
receiver needs to be in the same level, only if
the source and receiver are on the same level
communication will happen or take place
properly. So source and receiver should be
similar.
 Criticism of Berlo’s SMCR
model of
 communication:
No feedback / don’t know about the effect
 Does not mention barriers to communication
 No room for noise.
 Needs people to be on same level for
communication to occur but not true in real
life.
 The model omits the usage of sixth sense as
a channel which is actually a gift to the
human beings (thinking, understanding,
analyzing etc).
7.1 Shannon Weaver Model of
Communication
Shannon- Weaver Model
 The Shannon–Weaver model
of communication has been called the "mother of
all models.“
 It embodies the concepts of information source,
message, transmitter, signal, channel, noise, receiver,
information destination, probability of error, encoding,
decoding, information rate, channel capacity, etc.
Elements of the Model
 Sender : The originator of message or the
information source selects desired message
 Encoder : The transmitter which converts the message
into signals
 For example: In telephone the voice is converted
into wave signals and it transmits through cables
 Decoder : The reception place of the signal which
converts signals into message. A reverse process of
encode.
 Receiver : The destination of the message from
sender.
 Noise: The messages are transferred from
encoder to decoder through channel. During this
process the messages may distracted or affected
by physical noise like horn sounds, thunder and
crowd noise or encoded signals may distract in the
channel during the transmission process which
affect the communication flow or the receiver may
not receive the correct message.
8. Barriers to Communication
Barriers to Communication
 When there is a problem which might cause
our communication to be distorted or
problematic, it is known as a barrier to
effective communication.
There are 4 types of barriers to
communication
1. Physical barriers
2. Psychological barriers
3. Semantic blocks
4. Organizational Barriers
 Physical Barriers
 Distance: – communication is found
obstructed in long distance. Like communication
 between
Noise: –America and Nepal.
it is from external sources and
communication process. Noise negatively affectsthe
accuracy affects the
 Psychological Barriers
 Perception: – it is the process of accepting and
interpreting the information by the receiver.
People receive things differently for a various
number of reasons.
 Filtering: –In this process, knowingly or
unknowingly some valuable information may be
disposed.
 Emotions: – emotion also creates barriers to
effective communication like anger, hate,
mistrust, jealousy etc.
 Viewpoint: – it also creates
barriers to effective
communication. It the receiver
doesn’t clear the message
and ignore without hearing,
the message may create
obstructions.
 Defensiveness: – if the receiver
receives the message as threat
and interprets that message in
the same way, it creates barriers
to effective communication.
 Semantic Barriers
 The use of difficult and multiple use of languages,
words, figures, symbols create semantic
barriers.
 Language: – A meaning sent by the sender can
be quite different from the meaning understood
by the receiver. Long and complex sentences
create problem in communication process.
 Jargons: – Technical or unfamiliar language
creates barriers. The message should be
simple and condensed as far as possible so
that no confusion is created.
 Organizational Barriers
 It is raised from the organizational goals, regulations,
structure and culture.
 Poor planning: – Refers to the designing, encoding,
channel selection and conflicting signals in the
organization.
 Structure complexities:- Difficult organizational structure
is a barrier for free flow of information.
 Status differences: – Superior provides
information to the subordinate about plans and
policies. Different information is provided by
different subordinates who create barrier in
communication.
 Organizational distance:- Distance between
sender and receiver.
 Information overload: – If superior provides too
much information to the subordinate in short period
receiver suffers from information overload which
creates barriers to effective communication.
 Timing: – Communication can be obstructed if the
information is not provided in time.
8. LSRW
Skills
 Listening Skills
 Listening is an everyday affair.
 We spend more time to listening than speaking
 It is a skill which is often taken for granted
 It is considered as a stressful task
 Successful listening is challenging and requires a lot of
practice
 Effective listening is a dynamic activity that seeks out
the meaning intended in the messages sent by the
speaker.
 Listening Vs Hearing
 Hearing is an involuntary act that happens
automatically. Eg. A truck rolling by on the road in front
of our house.
 Listening –
 voluntary activity,
 demands perfect coordination between the ears &
the brain
 very creative
 Interactive and interpretive process.
 Techniques for Effective Listening
 You should have an open mind.
 You should sit alert and look the speaker in the eye with a
view to establish your interest in him/her.
 Do not prejudge the speaker or his message.
 Summarize what the speaker is saying
 Take down notes
 Link what you are listening to what you already know.
 Do not interrupt the speaker unnecessarily.
 Ask relevant questions to yourself for clarity in your
understanding.
Reading Skills
Skimming
 Skimming is used to quickly gather the most important
information, or 'gist'.
 Run your eyes over the text, noting important information.
 Use skimming to quickly get up to speed on a current
business situation.
Examples of Skimming:
 The Newspaper (quickly to get the general news of the
day)
 Magazines (quickly to discover which articles you would
like to read in more detail)
 Business and Travel Brochures (quickly to get informed)
Reading Skills
Scanning
 Scanning is used to find a particular piece of
information.
 Run your eyes over the text looking for the specific piece
of information you need.
 Use scanning on schedules, meeting plans, etc. in order
to find the specific details you require.
 If you see words or phrases that you don't understand,
don't worry when scanning.
Examples of Scanning
 The "What's on TV" section of your newspaper.
 A train / airplane schedule
 A conference guide
Reading Skills
Extensive reading
 Extensive reading is used to obtain a general
understanding of a subject and includes reading
longer texts for pleasure, as well as business
books.
 Use extensive reading skills to improve your general
knowledge of business procedures.
 Do not worry if you understand each word.
Examples of Extensive Reading
 The latest marketing strategy book
 A novel you read before going to
bed
 Magazine articles that interest you
Reading Skills
Intensive reading
 Intensive reading is used on shorter texts in order to
extract specific information.
 It includes very close accurate reading for
detail.
 Use intensive reading skills to grasp the details of a
specific situation.
 In this case, it is important that you understand
each word, number or fact.
Examples of Intensive Reading
 An insurance claim
 A contract of employment
Reading Skills
Critical reading
 This is a form of language analysis that does not
take the given text at face value, but involves a
deeper examination of supporting points and
possible counter arguments.
 Critical readers thus recognize not only what a text
says, but also how that text portrays the subject
matter.
 What a text means – interpretation — analyze the
text and assert a meaning for the text as a whole
 Speaking Skills
Tone
 The tone of voice we use is responsible for about
35- 40 percent of the message we are sending.
 Tone involves the volume you use, the level and type
of emotion that you communicate and the emphasis
that you place on the words that you choose.
Speaking Skills
Pitch
 Pitch refers to the rise and fall in human voice. It
plays a crucial role in communication.
 Questions, for example, should end on a higher note.
 Affirmative statements should end in a level or slightly
lower pitch. The ending of statements on a high pitch
can create doubt in your listeners.
 Vary your pitch throughout your presentation to establish
and reinforce your message.
Speaking Skills
Rhythm
 Rhythm is the pattern of the sounds you produce.
 Stressing and de-stressing syllables and words gives
us rhythm in English.
 Rhythm is the music of English Language –
the ups and downs and the linking of words, which
together, change how we say sentences.
 Use rhythm to carry meaning.
 Slow the pace to emphasize certain ideas.
 Quicken the pace to show excitement or humor.
 Pause to give listeners time to absorb a complex
idea. Pause also when you're about to transition to
another idea.
 Speaking Skills
 Stressing means to emphasize a sound and
make certain syllables and words:
 louder
 longer
 higher in pitch
 Every word in English has at least one syllable with a
primary stress or emphasis.
 It is not only essential to stress certain syllables and
words, but we must also de-stress other syllables
and words.
Examples:
 English –> [ING glish] (1st syllable is stressed; 2nd
syllable is slightly de-stressed)
 Speaking Skills
Intonation
 Correct intonation and stress are the key to
speaking English fluently with good
pronunciation.
 The entire variation of pitch while speaking is
called intonation.
 Words that are stressed are key to
understanding and using the correct intonation
brings out the meaning.
 English spends more time on specific stressed
words while quickly gliding over the other,
less important, words.
Speaking Skills
 A sentence can be spoken differently, depending
on the speaker's intention.
 Look at the following sentences. Speak them out
loud and especially stress the word that is in bold
writing.
 I did not read anything about the disaster.
 I did not read anything about the disaster.
 I did not read anything about the disaster.
 I did not read anything about the disaster.
 I did not read anything about the disaster.
 I did not read anything about the disaster.
 Writing Skills
 Effective writing is not a gift that you’re born with, rather it
is a skill that you cultivate. Clear writing means clear
thinking.
 Think before you write: Before you put pen to paper or
hands to keyboard, consider what you want to say.
 Ask yourself: What should my audience know or think
after reading this email, proposal, or report?
Steps to Improve your Writing Skills
Be direct
 Make your point right up front.
 By concisely presenting your main idea
first, you save your reader time and
sharpen your argument before diving into
the bulk of your writing.
 If your opener is no good, then the
whole piece of writing will be no good.
 Avoid jargons (Special words)
 Business writing is full of industry-
specific buzzwords and acronyms.
 And while these terms are sometimes
unavoidable and can occasionally be helpful as
shorthand, they often indicate lazy or cluttered
thinking.
 Writers often mistakenly believe in using a big
word when a simple one will do.
 Read what you write
 Put yourself in your reader’s shoes.
 Is your point clear and well structured?
 Are the sentences straightforward
and concise?
 Don’t be afraid to ask a colleague or friend
to edit your work.
 Welcome their feedback; don’t resent it.
Practice every day

 Writing is a skill, and skills improve with

practice.
 Read well-written material every day, and
be attentive to word choice, sentence
structure, and flow.
 Most importantly, build time into your
schedule for editing and revising.
 Coherence

Coherence in writing is the "logical
glue" that allows readers to move easily
and clearly from one idea to the next.
 Coherence in writing is much more difficult
to sustain than coherent speech because
writers have no nonverbal clues to inform
them if their message is clear or not.