DATABASE
SYSTEMS
TOPIC OUTLINE
▰ Why Databases?
▰ Data versus Information
▰ Introducing the Database
▻ Role and Advantages of the DBMS
▻ Types of Databases
▰ Why Database Design is Important
▰ Evolution of File System Data Processing
TOPIC OUTLINE
▰ Manual File Systems
▰ Computerized File Systems
▰ File System Redux: Modern End-User Productivity Tools
▰ Problems with File System Data Processing
▰ Structural and Data Dependence
▰ Data Redundancy
▰ Data Anomalies
TOPIC OUTLINE
▰ Database Systems
▰ The Database System Environment
▰ DBMS Functions
▰ Managing the Database System: A Shift in Focus
1
Why Databases?
WHY DATABASES?
▰ Data is ubiquitous (abundant, global, everywhere)
and pervasive (unescapable, prevalent, persistent)
▰ Databases make data persistent and shareable in a
secure way
WHY DATABASES?
WHY DATABASES?
▰ Data is ubiquitous (abundant, global, everywhere)
and pervasive (unescapable, prevalent, persistent)
▰ Databases make data persistent and shareable in a
secure way
▰ Data is not only ubiquitous and pervasive, it is
essential for organizations to survive and prosper.
2
Data vs Information
DATA VS INFORMATION
▰ Data consists of raw facts. The word raw indicates
that the facts have not yet been processed to reveal
their meaning.
▰ Information is the result of processing raw data to
reveal its meaning.
DATA VS INFORMATION
▰ Data constitutes the building blocks of information.
▰ Information is produced by processing data.
▰ Information is used to reveal the meaning of data.
▰ Accurate, relevant, and timely information is the key to good
decision making.
▰ Good decision making is the key to organizational survival in
a global environment.
3
Introducing the
Database
INTRODUCING THE DATABASE
▰ A database is a shared, integrated computer structure
that stores a collection of the following:
▻ End-user data—that is, raw facts of interest to the
end user
▻ Metadata, or data about data, through which the
end-user data is integrated and managed
INTRODUCING THE DATABASE
▰ The metadata describes the data characteristics and
the set of relationships that links the data found
within the database.
INTRODUCING THE DATABASE
▰ A database management system (DBMS) is a
collection of programs that manages the database
structure and controls access to the data stored in the
database. In a sense, a database resembles a very
well-organized electronic filing cabinet in which
powerful software (the DBMS) helps manage the
cabinet’s contents.
ROLES AND ADVANTAGES OF DBMS
▰ Improved data sharing
▰ Improved data security
▰ Better data integration
▰ Minimized data inconsistency
▰ Improved data access
▰ Improved decision making
▰ Increased end-user productivity
TYPES OF DATABASES (USERS)
▰ Single-user Database
▻ Desktop database
▰ Workgroup database
▻ Workgroup database – less than 50 users
▻ Enterprise database – more than 50 users
TYPES OF DATABASES (LOCATION)
▰ Centralized database – located in a single site
▰ Distributed database – distributed across several sites
TYPES OF DATABASES (TECHNOLOGY)
▰ Cloud database is a database that is created and
maintained using cloud data services, such as
Microsoft Azure or Amazon AWS.
TYPES OF DATABASES (USE)
▰ Operational database
▰ Analytical database
TYPES OF DATABASES
▰ Social media refers to web and mobile technologies
that enable “anywhere, anytime, always on” human
interactions. Websites such as Google, Facebook,
Twitter, and LinkedIn capture vast amounts of data
about end users and consumers. This data grows
exponentially and requires the use of specialized
database systems.
TYPES OF DATABASES
▰ Social media refers to web and mobile technologies
that enable “anywhere, anytime, always on” human
interactions. Websites such as Google, Facebook,
Twitter, and LinkedIn capture vast amounts of data
about end users and consumers. This data grows
exponentially and requires the use of specialized
database systems.
TYPES OF DATABASES
▰ Social media refers to web and mobile technologies
that enable “anywhere, anytime, always on” human
interactions. Websites such as Google, Facebook,
Twitter, and LinkedIn capture vast amounts of data
about end users and consumers. This data grows
exponentially and requires the use of specialized
database systems.
4
Why Database Design
is Important
DATABASE DESIGN
▰ Database design refers to the activities that focus on
the design of the database structure that will be used
to store and manage end-user data. Database design
is such a crucial aspect of working with databases
that most of this book is dedicated to the
development of good database design techniques.
Even a good DBMS will perform poorly with a
badly designed database.
5
Evolution of File
System Data Processing
MANUAL VS COMPUTERIZED FILE
SYSTEMS
▰ Manual File System
▻ Paper-and-pencil systems
▰ Computerized File Systems
▻ Computer-based systems
BASIC FILE TERMINOLOGIES
▰ Data – raw facts
▰ Field – character or group of characters that has a
special meaning
▰ Record - logically connected set of one or more
fields that describes a person, place, or thing
▰ File – collection of related records
6
Problems with File
System Data Processing
PROBEMS WITH FILE SYSTEMS
▰ Lengthy development times
▰ Difficult of getting quick answers
▰ Complex system administration
▰ Lack of security and limited data sharing
▰ Extensive programming
STRUCTURAL AND DATA DEPENDENCE
▰ Structural dependence – access to a file is dependent
on its structure.
▰ Structural independence – changing the file structure
without affecting the applications ability to access
the data
STRUCTURAL AND DATA DEPENDENCE
▰ Data dependence - all data access programs are
subject to change when any of the file’s data storage
characteristics change
▰ Data independence - possible to make changes in the
data storage characteristics without affecting the
application program’s ability to access the data.
DATA REDUNDANCY
▰ It exists when the same data is stored unnecessarily
at different places.
▰ Poor data security
▰ Data inconsistency
▰ Data-entry errors
▰ Data integrity problems
DATA ANOMALIES
▰ It develops when not all of the required changes in
the redundant data are made successfully.
7
Database Systems
DATABASE SYSTEM
▰ The term database system refers to an organization
of components that define and regulate the
collection, storage, management, and use of data
within a database environment.
DATA ANOMAIES
▰ The term database system refers to an organization
of components that define and regulate the
collection, storage, management, and use of data
within a database environment.
DBMS FUNCTIONS
▰ Data dictionary management
▰ Data storage management
▰ Data transformation and presentation
▰ Security management
▰ Multiuser access control
▰ Backup and recovery management
DBMS FUNCTIONS
▰ Data integrity management
▰ Database access languages and application
programming interface
▰ Database communication interfaces
MANAGING THE DATABASE SYSTEM
▰ Increased costs
▰ Management complexity
▰ Maintaining currency
▰ Vendor dependence
▰ Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles
8
Database Career
Oportunities
MANAGING THE DATABASE SYSTEM
▰ Increased costs
▰ Management complexity
▰ Maintaining currency
▰ Vendor dependence
▰ Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles
