THESIS

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Formation of the solar system.
2. Climate and Atmosphere.
3. Weather and Climate.
4. Nebulae.
5. Climate and Ice Ages.
6. Tectonic plates.
7. Different Ecosystems.
1. Formation of the solar system….
• The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system of the Sun and
the objects that orbit it. The largest of such objects are the eight
planets
• The .solar system consists of our star, the Sun, and everything bound
to it by gravity – the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune; dwarf planets such as Pluto;
dozens of moons; and millions of asteroids, comets, and meteoroids.
• The solar system comes in the milky way galaxy.
 How our solar system was formed…..

Our solar system formed about 4.5 billion years ago from a dense cloud
of interstellar gas and dust. At the center, gravity pulled more and more
material in. Eventually, the pressure in the core was so great that
hydrogen atoms began to combine and form helium, releasing a
tremendous amount of energy. With that, our Sun was born, and it
eventually amassed more than 99% of the available matter.
Conclusion…
Our solar system formed about 4.5 billion years ago from a dense cloud
of interstellar gas and dust. The cloud collapsed, possibly due to the
shockwave of a nearby exploding star, called a supernova. When this
dust cloud collapsed, it formed a solar nebula – a spinning, swirling disk
of material. Matter farther out in the disk was also clumping together.
These clumps smashed into one another, forming larger and larger
objects.
2. Climate and Atmosphere…..
• Climate- Climate is the long-term pattern of weather in a particular
area. Weather can change from hour-to-hour, day-to-day, month-to-
month, or even year-to-year. A region's weather patterns, usually
tracked for at least 30 years, are considered its climate.
• Atmosphere- The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surrounds
the Earth. It helps make life possible by providing us with air to
breathe, shielding us from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation
coming from the Sun, trapping heat to warm the planet, and
preventing extreme temperature differences between day and night.
Climate….
• There are approximately five main climate types on Earth:
• Tropical.
• Dry.
• Temperate.
• Continental.
• Polar.
• Climate affects nearly every aspect of our lives, from our food sources to our
transport infrastructure, from what clothes we wear, to where we go on
holiday. It has a huge effect on our livelihoods, our health, and our future.
Climate is the long-term pattern of weather conditions in any particular place.
Atmosphere
• The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth. It helps make life possible by providing us with
air to breathe, shielding us from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation coming from the Sun, trapping heat to
warm the planet, and preventing extreme temperature differences between day and night.

• The atmosphere is comprised of layers based on temperature. These layers are the troposphere, stratosphere,
mesosphere, and thermosphere.
 Conclusion…
• In conclusion, climate change is the most significant problem facing
the world. Global warming is increasing day by day. If we cannot
prevent it as soon as possible, our world will face undesirable
consequences.
• The earth's atmosphere protects the inhabitants by absorbing harmful
solar rays and maintaining a steady temperature. It wards off many
dangers of space thereby making life possible on earth. It is thus an
important factor of climatic control and a life-sustaining source on
earth.
Weather and Climate
• Weather is the state of the atmosphere, describing for example the
degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or
cloudy. On Earth, most weather phenomena occur in the lowest layer
of the planet's atmosphere, the troposphere, just below the
stratosphere.
• Climate is the long-term pattern of weather in a particular area.
Weather can change from hour-to-hour, day-to-day, month-to-month,
or even year-to-year. A region's weather patterns, usually tracked for at
least 30 years, are considered its climate.
 Weather

Weather is what conditions of the atmosphere are over a short period of time

Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom form the water molecule. A hydrogen
bond between water molecules forms side with oxygen having a negative charge;
the hydrogen side, a positive one. Water may not seem special.
Conclusion
…
Weather and climate are different, yet related concepts. One involves the
atmospheric condition and current zone. The other involves the atmospheric
condition of a larger area and for a more extended time.
Nebulae…
• A nebula is an enormous cloud of dust and gas occupying the space between stars
and acting as a nursery for new stars. The roots of the word come from the Latin
nebula, which means “mist, vapor, fog, smoke, exhalation.” Nebulae are made up
of dust, basic elements such as hydrogen, and other ionized gases.
• Some nebulae (more than one nebula) come from the gas and dust thrown out by
the explosion of a dying star, such as a supernova. Other nebulae are regions
where new stars are beginning to form. For this reason, some nebulae are called
"star nurseries.“
Conclusion….
• Nebulae are interstellar clouds of gas and dust. Many nebulae are
formed from the remnants of dying stars.

• Radiation from the white dwarf causes the gas to glow, creating a
unique and beautiful formation called a planetary nebula.
 Climate and Ice Ages…
• The Ice Ages began 2.4 million years ago and lasted until 11,500 years ago. During this time, the
earth’s climate repeatedly changed between very cold periods, during which glaciers covered large
parts of the world, and very warm periods during which many of the glaciers melted. The cold
periods are called glacials (ice covering) and the warm periods are called interglacials.
• There were at least 17 cycles between glacial and interglacial periods. The glacial periods lasted
longer than the interglacial periods. The last glacial period began about 100,000 years ago and
lasted until 25,000 years ago. Today we are in a warm interglacial period.
Conclusion…
• Earth is currently in an interglacial, and the last glacial period ended
about 11,700 years ago. All that remains of the continental ice sheets
are the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and smaller glaciers such as
on Baffin Island.
 Tectonic Plates…
• massive slab of solid rock made up of Earth's lithosphere (crust and
upper mantle). Also called the lithospheric plate. volcano.
• Divergent Plate Boundary. Volcanic eruptions and shallow earthquakes
are common where plates rip apart.
• Convergent Plate Boundary. ...
• Transform Plate Boundary.
• At the “seams” where tectonic plates come in contact, the crustal rocks
may grind violently against each other, causing earthquakes and
volcano eruptions.
Conclusion…
• When we talk about tectonic or lithospheric plates, we mean the
sections into which the lithosphere is cracked. The surface of the Earth
is divided into 7 major and 8 minor plates. The largest plates are the
Antarctic, Eurasian, and North American plates.
• The Pacific Plate is an oceanic tectonic plate that lies beneath the
Pacific Ocean. It is the largest tectonic plate at 103 million km2 (40
million sq mi).
• The Juan de Fuca Plate is the smallest of earth's tectonic plates. It is
approximately 250,000 square kilometers.
Different Ecosystems…
• An ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other
organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a
bubble of life.
• Ecosystems contain biotic or living, parts, as well as abiotic factors, or
nonliving parts. Biotic factors include plants, animals, and other
organisms.
• There are two types of ecosystems:
• Terrestrial Ecosystem.
• Aquatic Ecosystem.
Different types of Ecosystems…
• A terrestrial ecosystem is a land-based community of organisms and
the interactions of biotic and abiotic components in a given area.
• Examples of terrestrial ecosystems include the tundra, taigas,
temperate deciduous forests, tropical rainforests, grasslands, and
deserts.
• An aquatic ecosystem includes a group of interacting organisms that
are dependent on one another and their water environment for
nutrients and shelter.
• Examples of aquatic ecosystems include oceans, lakes, and rivers.
Conclusion….

Ecology is a scientific approach to the study of the biosphere. Ecosystems are created by
the interrelationships between living organisms and the physical environments they
inhabit (land, water, air). Ecosystems can exist without humans in them, but humans
cannot survive without ecosystems. Throughout history, humanity has made use of
nature for food, shelter, protection and engaging in cultural activities.
Thank you
Saara godani
Grade 8