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Pulse Sequence

1. A pulse sequence controls the timing of radiofrequency pulses and magnetic field gradients to encode spatial information and generate MR images. 2. The spin echo pulse sequence uses a 90 degree excitation pulse followed by a 180 degree refocusing pulse to produce an echo that is used to fill k-space and form an image. 3. Variants like fast spin echo and dual spin echo modify the basic sequence to produce multiple echoes per repetition time, accelerating the scan time needed to acquire an image.

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Kritika Gupta
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39 views

Pulse Sequence

1. A pulse sequence controls the timing of radiofrequency pulses and magnetic field gradients to encode spatial information and generate MR images. 2. The spin echo pulse sequence uses a 90 degree excitation pulse followed by a 180 degree refocusing pulse to produce an echo that is used to fill k-space and form an image. 3. Variants like fast spin echo and dual spin echo modify the basic sequence to produce multiple echoes per repetition time, accelerating the scan time needed to acquire an image.

Uploaded by

Kritika Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PULSE SEQUENCE

Pulse sequence
• A pulse sequence is interplay of various parameters leading
to a complex cascade of events with RF pulses and gradients
to form a MR image.
Or
So pulse sequence is a time chart of interplay of—

1. Patient’s net longitudinal magnetization


2. Transmission of RF pulses (90, 180 degree or any
degree)
3. X, Y and Z gradient activation for localization and
acquisition of signal (echo)
4. K-Space filling with acquired signals or echoes
Types of pulse sequence.
1. Spin-echo sequence (SE)
2. Gradient Echo sequence (GRE)
3. Inversion Recovery sequences (IR)
4. Echo Planar Imaging (EPI).
Spin echo pulse sequence
What is it?
• The Spin Echo (SE) pulse sequence is a
fundamental technique used in Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI) to generate images of the body.
How it works?
• Excitation: A 90-degree radiofrequency (RF) pulse flips the
magnetization vector, aligning protons in the tissue into the
transverse plane.
• Free Induction Decay (FID): The excited protons precess
around the main magnetic field, generating a weak signal
called the FID.
• Dephasing: Over time, protons lose coherence due to local
magnetic field variations, causing the FID to decay.
• Refocusing: A 180-degree RF pulse refocuses the dephasing
protons, aligning them momentarily.
Continue.
• Spin Echo: The refocused protons precess in unison, creating
a stronger echo signal called the Spin Echo.
Encoding and Building the Image
Localization: Gradient magnetic fields are applied to encode spatial
information:
 Slice Selection Gradient:
• Applied along the z-axis during the RF excitation pulses.
• Causes only protons in a certain slice to experience the 90° pulse and be
excited.
 Phase Encoding Gradient:
• Applied along the y-axis after the 90° pulse, before signal readout.
 Frequency Encoding Gradient:
• Applied along the x-axis during signal readout.
Continue.
• Image Formation: By repeating the sequence with different phase
encoding gradients and accumulating signals, a two-dimensional image
is built.
• T1 and T2 Weighting: By adjusting repetition time (TR) and echo time
(TE), we can create T1-weighted (highlights tissues with fast T1
relaxation) and T2-weighted (highlights tissues with long T2 relaxation)
images, providing valuable insights into tissue properties.
Modifications of SE Sequences
In Conventional SE:
• One line of K-space filled per TR.
• Single 180° pulse after the 90° pulse generates one echo.
Its Modifications:
• More than one echo per TR:
• Send multiple 180° pulses after the 90° pulse.
• Each 180° pulse acquires one echo.
Three common modifications:
1. Dual SE:
• Two 180° pulses per TR.
• Fills two lines of K-space per TR.
• Doubles signal intensity compared to conventional SE.
2. Fast SE:
• Multiple 180° pulses per TR (more than 2).
• Fills many lines of K-space per TR.
• Reduces scan time significantly compared to conventional SE.
3. Single-shot fast SE:
• Combines fast SE with only filling half of K-space.
• Ultra-fast acquisition, suitable for dynamic imaging.
• Lower image resolution compared to full K-space scans.
Dual spin echo pulse sequence.
• Initial 90° Pulse: Flips spins into the transverse plane, initiating signal
generation.
• First 180° Pulse: Refocuses spins, creating the first echo (short TE,Long
TR PD-weighted).
• Second 180° Pulse: Refocuses spins again, creating the second echo
(long TE ,Long TR T2-weighted).
• Signal Acquisition: Both echoes are captured separately.
Separate K-Spaces:
• Each echo fills a distinct K-space: This is crucial for
independent image formation.
• First Echo (PD-weighted): Fills K-space lines with short TE
characteristics.
• Second Echo (T2-weighted): Fills K-space lines with long
TE characteristics.
Key Advantages:
• Efficiency: Obtains two images with different contrasts in a
single TR, saving time.
• Independent Control: Allows separate optimization of image
parameters for PD and T2 weighting.
Suggested parameters
Single echo (for T1 weighting):
• TR - 300–700 ms
• TE - 10–30 ms.
Dual echo (for PD/T2 weighting):
• TR - 2000 ms+
• TE1 - 20 ms
• TE2 - 80 ms
Fast spin echo pulse sequence.
• Multiple Echoes: FSE generates multiple echoes per TR,
significantly accelerating scan time compared to
conventional SE sequences.
• Echo Train: The series of echoes following a single 90°
pulse is called an echo train.
• Turbo Factor: The number of 180° pulses (and echoes) per
TR is the turbo factor or echo train length.
• K-Space Filling: All echoes contribute to a single K-space,
rapidly filling it for faster image acquisition.

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