DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SMART TRAIN
LIST OF FIGURE
ARDUINO
RELAY
MOTOR DRIVER
IR SENSOR
BO BATTERY
LIPO BATTERY
FLAME SENSOR
MODEL DIAGRAM
1
ABSTRACT:
Indian Railways is the fourth largest in the world. Most of Indians
depends on railway to travel and transportation of goods to one place to
another. Indian Railways contributes significantly to the country's GDP.
But railway department is facing many train accidents by crack, discontinuity,
and train crash.
The accidents of trains harm the lives of people and property of train hence it is
necessity to maintain the good track without any defaults. So Indian
railway department appoints many labours to find and repair the
cracks and discontinuity through manually. Here the labours cost is more, it
may take more time and also its not accurate.
To overcome this problem the automatic crack detection robot model is made
by using Node MCU development board along with Wi-Fi module.
The distance sensors will collect the signals whether the condition of track
is good or not and send to the Node MCU and robot will stop immediately.
Simultaneously the information is send to operator through Arduino
by showing the red alert in the blynk application.
So it is possible to take immediate action to repair the track. So it helps
the railway department to maintain the good condition of track with low cost.
Rail transport plays an important role in India in terms of providing the
essential
transportation infrastructure to support the needs of a fast rising economy.
In India, rail transport plays an important role in meeting the ever- increasing
needs of a fast rising economy.
However, taking into account the India has not met the dependability and safety
requirements. Not yet a global standard.
The main issue is that there is none. Efficient and low-cost technology
for detecting faults in rail tracks, as well as a lack of basic maintenance.
In previously the crack and discontinuous in the rails is detected manually.
2
CHAPTER – 1
1. INTRODUCTION:
Rail transport plays an important role in India in terms of providing
the essential transportation infrastructure to support the needs of a fast rising
economy. In India, rail transport plays an important role in meeting the ever-
increasing needs of a fast rising economy.
However, taking into account the India has not met the dependability and
safety requirements. Not yet a global standard. The main issue is that
there is none.
Efficient and low-cost technology for detecting faults in rail tracks, as
well as a lack of basic maintenance. In previously the crack and
discontinuous in the rails is detected manually.
But it is not accurate and it takes lot of time so it needs to develop the
automatic track crack detection by using various components. IR sensor,
Relay, Motor driver, Arduino UNO, Battery, Flame Sensor.
The fundamental issue has been a lack of inexpensive and effective
equipment to detect faults in train tracks, as well as a lack of proper rail
maintenance.
As a result of which fissures in the rails and other same issues produced by
anti- social element endanger the safety of rail transportation
operations .
These types of incidents motivate us to think over the above mentioned issue
and take necessary steps to protect those lives. Through our
proposed system, we need to establish more modern and secure railway
system.
Besides this, there is no such type of technology or system in our country
which can stop the collision between two trains coming from the opposite
direction of each other on the same track. We actually think over this
matter and motivated to do so.
3
CHAPTER 2
2. BACKGROUND THEORY:
The three main components used in the block is IR sensor, Ultrasonic,
PIR [Link] sensor is used to detect the crack in railway track.
Infrared (IR) transmitter is one type of LED which emits infrared rays
generally called as IR Transmitter.
The rail tracks are severely affected by corrosion due to the air and floods
during rainy season. They make cracks on the rail track which leads the
accident of the trains. The quality of the rail track is important to prevent
such defects in rail track and these cracks must be frequently checked to
avoid accidents.
The sensors are previously bonded onto a concrete structure and the
wirings are finished. At the time of regular check, the light source is
connected to one optical fibre cable connector after another to perform
visual observation of multiple points in order.
They have utilized IR sensor and ultrasonic sensor to recognize the
obstructions on the railroad tracks. IR sensor is utilized to track the
broken track where ultrasonic sensors are utilized to decide the correct
area of the track.
The Stop signals which control the movement of trains approaching a
station are of three kinds, namely-Outer, Home and Routing signals.
The Office of Rail and Road (ORR) today reports in its interim review
that Hitachi's Class 800 and 385 series trains were affected by stress
corrosion and fatigue cracks. These resulted in a significant number of
Class 800 trains being withdrawn from service in May.
4
CHAPTER 3
[Link] COMPONENTS:
1. Arduino UNO
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board
based on the Atmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of
which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal
oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset
button. It contains everything to support the microcontroller; simply connect it
to a computer with a USB cable or power with AC, DC adapter or battery to get
started.
The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that
it does not use the FTDI USB- to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features is into
single-chip. Uno” means “One” in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming
release of Arduino 1.0.
The Uno and version 1.0 will be the
reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in
a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino
platform; for a
Comparison with previous versions, see the index
of Arduino boards. Arduino UNO is used as a main processing unit. A0 of
Arduino UNO connected LDR. Pin 3 is connected to relay and output of
bulb. Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software
company, project, and user community that
designs and manufactures single-board
microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and
interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical and
digital world.
The project’s products are distributed as
open-source hardware and software, which are licensed under the GNU
Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License
(GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino
boards and software distribution by anyone.
Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form, or as do-it-
yourself (DIY) kits.
Arduino board designs use a variety of
microprocessors and controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of digital
and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various
expansion boards or Breadboards (shields) and
other circuits. The boards feature serial
communications 10
5
interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which
are also used for loading programs from personal computers.
Comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino boards. Arduino
UNO is used as a main processing unit. A0 of Arduino UNO connected LDR.
Pin 3 is connected to relay and output of bulb. Arduino is an open
source computer hardware and software company, project, and user
community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers
and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects
that can sense and control objects in the physical and digital world.
The project’s products are distributed as open-source hardware and
software, which are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public
License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the
manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone.
Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form, or as do-it-
yourself (DIY) kits.
6
FEATURES OF ARDUINO UNO:
Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins: 6
DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 Ma
DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 Ma
Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by boot loader
SRAM: 2 KB (Atmega328)
EEPROM: 1 KB (Atmega328)
Clock Speed: 16 MHz
The official policy document on use of the Arduino name emphasizes that the
project is open to incorporating work by others into the official product.
Several Arduino-compatible products commercially released have avoided
the project name by using various names ending in dio.
8 Kbyte Flash RAM (1K taken by the boot loader)
1 Kbyte RAM ([Link] auto/local variables and stack)
14 digital Input / Output Ports
Most boards include a 5 V linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator or
ceramic resonator. Some designs, such as the LilyPad, run at 8 MHz and
dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due to specific form-
factor restrictions.
Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies
uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory. The default bootloader of
the Arduino UNO is the option boot loader. Boards are loaded with
program code via a serial connection to another computer. Some serial Arduino
boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS-232 logic
levels and transistor–transistor logic(TTL) level signals.
Current Arduino boards are programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB),
implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232. Some
boards, such as later-model Uno boards, substitute the FTDI chip with a
separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial firmware, which
is reprogrammable via its own ICSP header.
Other variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a
detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other
methods. When used with traditional microcontroller tools, instead of the
Arduino IDE, standard AVR in-system programming (ISP) programming
is used.
7
The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller’s I/O pins for use by
other circuits. The Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital
the switch.
.
CHAPTER 5
[Link]
The vehicle used in this system consists of two IR sensors at its either
sides. When vehicle travels over the track, IR transmitter transmits the
IR signal continuously.
When crack is detected in the track, the transmitted IR signal is passed through
crack and received by the receiver. Initially IR receiver is active low, when
transmitted IR signal is received by receiver the IR receiver change
into active high mode.
This signal is feed to the comparator which compares the two signals i.e.,
transmitted under received and received signal. When the signal is
high then comparator pass the signal to the microcontroller which indicates
that crack is detected.
At this instant motor is stopped. Also the microcontroller receives the
distance travelled by the vehicle from a fixed point and it sends this distance of
crack to the nearby base station using Transmitter.
The receiver installed at the several base stations receive this information.
Then the most nearest base station takes the suitable and necessary steps to
prevent any calamities.
when transmitted IR signal is received by receiver the IR receiver change
into active high mode.
This signal is feed to the comparator which compares the two signals i.e.,
transmitted under received and received signal. When the signal is
high then comparator pass the signal to the microcontroller which indicates
that crack is detected.
At this instant motor is stopped. Also the microcontroller receives the
distance travelled by the vehicle from a fixed point.
