INSTITUTE :UIE

DEPARTMENT: ALL ACADEMIC UNITS

Bachelor of Engineering (All Sections)
Subject Name and Code:
Engineering Physics 23SPH-141
Prepared by: Anu Kapoor, Assistant Prof. Physics

LASER DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

COURSE OBJECTIVES
 The course is designed to make the students industry ready to contribute
in the growing demand of the industry at local, national and international
level.
 It will make the students competent to understand basic concepts and
applications of advanced engineering physics and apply its principles in
their respective fields at global platform.
 It will enhance the skill level of the students and shall make them
preferred choice for getting employment in industry and research labs.
 It will give thorough knowledge of the discipline to enable students to
disseminate knowledge in pursuing excellence in academic areas.

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COURSE OUTCOMES
CO Title Level
Number On completion of this course, the students are expected
to learn

CO1 Quote the basic fundamental concepts of lasers, optical Remember,

fibres, crystallography, ultrasonic oscillations, semiconductor
Understand
physics, quantum mechanics and nanotechnology.

CO2 Demonstrate the working of various lasers, fibre Understand

components, semiconductor devices; explain the behaviour
of crystalline solids, quantum and nano-scale systems.

CO3 Solve problems by applying principles related to lasers, Applying

fibres, semiconductors, oscillations, quantum and
nanoscience.

CO4 Compare various lasers and fibres, semiconducting devices, Analyze

crystalline materials, structures at quantum and nanoscale
on the basis of their properties for industrial applications.

CO5 Develop various systems using lasers, fibres, semiconductors Design

and nanomaterials for futuristic applications.

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Fig. 1 Introduction [1]
“ In the War of Worlds, written before the
turn of 20th century, HG Wells told a
fanciful story of how Martians invaded
and almost conquered the earth. Their
weapon was a mysterious sword of heat,
from which flickered a ghost of a beam of
light. It felled men in their tracks, made
lead run like water and flashed anything
combustible into masses of flame. Today
Well’s word of heat comes close to reality
in the laser…………” 4
Fig. 2 Introduction [2]
 WHY TO
STUDY LASER
 Offering a high-speed way to process various
materials, lasers are being used on a large
scale in various industries.
 Innovative technologies are driving the
growth of industrial lasers. Manufacturers are
introducing technologically advanced
industrial lasers for various applications.
 The global industrial laser market is highly
dynamic, and growing at a fast pace.
 The increasing innovations taking place in
fiber lasers play an important role in the
growth of the global industrial laser market
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_yLfLDHBUak [3]
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 CONTENT TO BE DISCUSSED….
 Introduction to LASERS

 Properties of Laser

 Quantum Processes

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Fig. 3 Introduction [4]
 LASER
EMISSION

 L –Light
 A – Amplification by
 S – Stimulated
 E – Emission of
 R – Radiation
Stimulated Emission
is the key to the laser action

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Fig. 4 Stimulated emission [5]
 SPECIAL PROPERTIES OF LASER

 Monochromatic
 Unidirectional
 Coherent
 Narrow band width
 High Intensity

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Fig. 5 difference between laser and ordinary beam[6]
 COHERENCE
Coherence is very important property
of Laser.
First let us understand the difference between
coherent and incoherent light….
Incoherent Light: The light emitted from
the Sun or other ordinary light sources such as
tungsten filament and fluorescent tube lights
is spread over a wide range of frequencies.
Incoherent light is due to spontaneous and
random emission of photons by the atoms in
excited state. These photons will not be in Fig. 6 Incoherent light
phase with each other. 9
 COHERENCE

Coherent Light:
Coherent light is uniform in frequency,
amplitude, continuity and constant initial
phase difference.

Coherent beam of light is obtained due to

stimulated emission of photons from the
atoms jumping from meta-stable state to
Fig. 8 Coherent light
lower energy state. 10
 VARIOUS ATOMIC INTERACTIONS
RELATED TO LASER
1. Induced Absorption:
Photons of suitable frequency (energy) are supplied
to the atoms in the ground state. These atoms absorb
the supplied energy and go to the excited or higher
energy state. If Ei and Ej are energies of ground state
(lower energy) and excited state (higher energy), then
the frequency of required photon for absorption is

where h is Planck’s constant

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 VARIOUS ATOMIC INTERACTIONS
RELATED TO LASER

Induced Absorption:
The probability of occurrence of this absorption
from state 1 to state 2 is proportional to the
energy density u(ν) of the radiation

Where is proportionality constant and is

known as Einstein coefficient of absorption of
radiation 12
 VARIOUS ATOMIC INTERACTIONS
RELATED TO LASER
2. Spontaneous Emission:
An excited atom can stay in the higher energy state
only for the time of 10-8 s. After this time, it returns
back to the lower energy state by emitting a photon

of energy

This emission is called ‘spontaneous emission’. During

spontaneous emission, photons are emitted randomly
and hence they will not be in phase with each other.
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Therefore, the beam of light emitted is incoherent.
 VARIOUS ATOMIC INTERACTIONS
RELATED TO LASER
Spontaneous Emission: The probability of
occurrence of spontaneous emission transition
from state 2 to state 1 depends only on the
properties of states 2 and 1 and is given by

where proportionality constant is known as

Einstein coefficient of spontaneous emission of
radiation.
14
 VARIOUS ATOMIC INTERACTIONS
RELATED TO LASER
3. Stimulated Emission
When photon of suitable frequency (energy) is made
to fall on an excited atom in the higher energy state,
the atom falls back to the ground state by emitting a
photon of energy which is in phase with the
stimulating (incident) photon.

Thus, it results in the appearance of one additional

photon. This process is called ‘stimulated or induced
emission’. 15
 VARIOUS ATOMIC INTERACTIONS
RELATED TO LASER
Stimulated Emission: The probability of
occurrence of stimulated emission transition from
the upper level 2 to the lower level 1 is
proportional to the energy density u(ν) of the
radiation and is expressed as

where proportionality constant is known as

Einstein coefficient of stimulated emission of
16
 VARIOUS ATOMIC INTERACTIONS
RELATED TO LASER
So the three processes can be
summarized through this
diagram………………

Total Probability of emission of

transition from upper level 2 to
the lower level 1 is given by

Or
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Fig. 9 Three processes [8]
 SUMMARY
 Introduction to LASERS
 Properties of Laser
 Quantum Processes
 Absorption
 Spontaneous emission
 Stimulated Emission

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 FAQS

 Is the brightness of the laser light a good indicator of its power?

 Why are lasers uniquely hazardous?
 List advantages and disadvantages of Laser.
 How LED is different from diode Laser?

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 REFERENCES
[1] http://news.mit.edu/2018/laser-attract-alien-astronomers-study-1105
[2] https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36/36-h/36-h.htm
[3] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_yLfLDHBUak
[4] stockphoto.com/in/vector/abstract-red-laser-beam-transparent-isolated-on-black-background-vector-
illustration-gm1048453908-280444377
[5] https://www.physics-and-radio-electronics.com/blog/absorption-of-radiation-spontaneous-emission-and-
stimulated-emission/
[6] https://www.convergentlaser.com/laser-safety
[7] https://skullsinthestars.com/2008/09/03/optics-basics-coherence/
[8] https://users.aber.ac.uk/ruw/teach/327/spec.php
[9] Laud B.B., Laser and Non -Linear Optics, Edition 1st, (1991), Wiley Eastern Ltd.
[10] Beiser A, Concepts of Modern Physics,Edition 6th, (2003),Tata Mcgraw Hill, Noida.
[11] Bhattacharya D. K., Tandon Poonam, Engineering Physics.,Edition 1st , (2015), Oxford.
[12] Ghatak A. (2012) Optics, McGraw Hill Education. ISBN: 978-1259004346. 20
 THANK YOU

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