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Chapter 2

This document discusses analog and digital signals. It explains that analog signals are continuous while digital signals have discrete states. Periodic analog signals like sine waves can be decomposed into simpler signals in the frequency domain. Digital signals can encode information using different voltage levels to represent bits. The number of bits needed per signal level depends on the number of levels following a power of 2. The document uses examples to illustrate concepts like signal period, frequency, phase, and calculating bit rate requirements.

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ahmed2222
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16 views

Chapter 2

This document discusses analog and digital signals. It explains that analog signals are continuous while digital signals have discrete states. Periodic analog signals like sine waves can be decomposed into simpler signals in the frequency domain. Digital signals can encode information using different voltage levels to represent bits. The number of bits needed per signal level depends on the number of levels following a power of 2. The document uses examples to illustrate concepts like signal period, frequency, phase, and calculating bit rate requirements.

Uploaded by

ahmed2222
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

DATA COMMUNICATION

Chapter 2
Data and Signals

3.1
Objectives

 The basic objective of this chapter is to expose the student to world of


signals, signal types, their classification and their behavior under
different conditions.
 To distinguish between digital and the analog signal and its subtypes
like Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals.

3.2
Note

To be transmitted, data must be


transformed to electromagnetic signals.

3.3
3-1 ANALOG AND DIGITAL

Data can be analog or digital. The term analog data refers


to information that is continuous; digital data refers to
information that has discrete states. Analog data take on
continuous values. Digital data take on discrete values.

3.4
Analog and Digital Data
 Data can be analog or digital.
 Analog data are continuous and take
continuous values.
 Digital data have discrete states and take
discrete values.

3.5
Analog and Digital Signals

• Signals can be analog or digital.


• Analog signals can have an infinite number
of values in a range.
• Digital signals can have only a limited
number of values.

3.6
Figure 3.1 Comparison of analog and digital signals

3.7
3-2 PERIODIC ANALOG SIGNALS
In data communications, we commonly use periodic
analog signals and nonperiodic digital signals.
Periodic analog signals can be classified as simple or
composite. A simple periodic analog signal, a sine wave,
cannot be decomposed into simpler signals. A composite
periodic analog signal is composed of multiple sine
waves.
Topics discussed in this section:
 Sine Wave
 Wavelength
 Time and Frequency Domain
 Composite Signals
 Bandwidth
3.8
Figure 3.2 A sine wave

3.9
Figure 3.3 Two signals with the same phase and frequency,
but different amplitudes

3.10
Note

Frequency and period are the inverse of


each other.

3.11
Figure 3.4 Two signals with the same amplitude and phase,
but different frequencies

3.12
Table 3.1 Units of period and frequency

3.13
Example 3.1

The power we use at home has a frequency of 60 Hz.


The period of this sine wave can be determined as
follows:

3.14
Example 3.2

The period of a signal is 100 ms. What is its frequency in


kilohertz?

Solution
First we change 100 ms to seconds, and then we
calculate the frequency from the period (1 Hz = 10 −3
kHz).

3.15
Frequency
• Frequency is the rate of change with respect
to time.
• Change in a short span of time means high
frequency.
• Change over a long span of
time means low frequency.

3.16
Note

If a signal does not change at all, its


frequency is zero.
If a signal changes instantaneously, its
frequency is infinite.

3.17
Note

Phase describes the position of the


waveform relative to time 0.

3.18
Figure 3.5 Three sine waves with the same amplitude and frequency,
but different phases

3.19
Example 3.3

A sine wave is offset 1/6 cycle with respect to time 0.


What is its phase in degrees and radians?

Solution
We know that 1 complete cycle is 360°. Therefore, 1/6
cycle is

3.20
Figure 3.6 Wavelength and period

3.21
Figure 3.7 The time-domain and frequency-domain plots of a sine wave

3.22
Note

A complete sine wave in the time


domain can be represented by one
single spike in the frequency domain.

3.23
Example 3.7

The frequency domain is more compact and


useful when we are dealing with more than one
sine wave. For example, Figure 3.8 shows three
sine waves, each with different amplitude and
frequency. All can be represented by three
spikes in the frequency domain.

3.24
Figure 3.8 The time domain and frequency domain of three sine waves

3.25
Signals and Communication
 A single-frequency sine wave is not
useful in data communications
 We need to send a composite signal, a
signal made of many simple sine waves.
 According to Fourier analysis, any
composite signal is a combination of
simple sine waves with different
frequencies, amplitudes, and phases.

3.26
Composite Signals and
Periodicity
 If the composite signal is periodic, the
decomposition gives a series of signals
with discrete frequencies.
 If the composite signal is nonperiodic, the
decomposition gives a combination of
sine waves with continuous frequencies.

3.27
3-3 DIGITAL SIGNALS
In addition to being represented by an analog signal,
information can also be represented by a digital signal.
For example, a 1 can be encoded as a positive voltage
and a 0 as zero voltage. A digital signal can have more
than two levels. In this case, we can send more than 1 bit
for each level.

Topics discussed in this section:


 Bit Rate
 Bit Length
 Digital Signal as a Composite Analog Signal
 Application Layer
3.28
Figure 3.16 Two digital signals: one with two signal levels and the other
with four signal levels

3.29
Example 3.16

A digital signal has eight levels. How many bits are


needed per level? We calculate the number of bits from
the formula

Each signal level is represented by 3 bits.

3.30
Example 3.17

A digital signal has nine levels. How many bits are


needed per level? We calculate the number of bits by
using the formula. Each signal level is represented by
3.17 bits. However, this answer is not realistic. The
number of bits sent per level needs to be an integer as
well as a power of 2. For this example, 4 bits can
represent one level.

3.31
Example 3.18

Assume we need to download text documents at the rate


of 100 pages per sec. What is the required bit rate of the
channel?
Solution
A page is an average of 24 lines with 80 characters in
each line. If we assume that one character requires 8
bits (ascii), the bit rate is

3.32
Figure 3.17 The time and frequency domains of periodic and nonperiodic
digital signals

3.33

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