Data Structures - I

“No Bonus” marks for this course anymore

CP
CS
20
4

and say, O my Lord, Give me more knowledge.

(Quran 20 : 114)

1 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan

 Data Structures - I
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CP
CS
20
4
ARRAYS
Introduction

2 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan

 Data Structures - I
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CP Motivation
CS
• You want to store 5 numbers in a program
20 o No problem. You define five int variables:
4 int num1, num2, num3, num4, num5;
o Easy enough, right?
o But what if you want to store 1000 numbers?
• Are you really going to make 1000 separate variables?
int num1, num2,..., num998, num999, num1000;
• That would be CRAZY!
• So what is the solution?
o A data structure! Specifically, an array!
• An array is one of the most common data structures.
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 Data Structures - I
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CP Basic Concepts
CS
• Array name (data)
20
• Index/subscript (0...9)
4
• The slots are numbered sequentially
starting at zero (Java, C++)
• If there are N slots in an array, the
index will be 0 through N-1
• Array length = N = 10
• Array size = N x Size of an element = 40
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 Data Structures - I
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CP Using Arrays
CS
• Array_name[index]
20
4 • For example, in Java
o System.out.println(data[4]);
• will display 0

o data[3] = 99;
• Will replace -3 with 99

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CP Using Arrays
CS
• data[ -1 ]  What will be the output of?
20 o illegal  data[5] + 10
 data[3] = data[3] + 10
4 • data[ 10 ]
o illegal (10 > upper bound)
• data[ 1.5 ]
o illegal
• data[ 0 ]
o OK
• data[ 9 ]
o OK
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CP Array Dimensionality
CS
• One dimensional (just a linear list)
20
4 5 10 18 30 45 50 60 65 70 80
o Only one subscript is required to access an
individual element
• Two dimensional (matrix or table)
Col 0 Col 1 Col 2 Col 3
Row 0 20 25 60 40
Row 1 30 15 70 90
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 Data Structures - I
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CP 2D Arrays
CS
• Given the following array (whose name is
20
‘M’) 20 25 60 40
4
30 15 70 90
o Two indices/subscripts are now required to
reference a given cell
• M[0][0] ?
• M[1][2] ?
• M[3][4] ?
8 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan
 Data Structures - I
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CP Array Declaration
CS
• You declare an array as follows:
20
int[] grades;
4
• This simply makes a an array variable (grades)
o But it does NOT specify where that variable refers to
• We can also declare the following:
int[] grades = new int[10];
o Now the array variable grades refers to an array of
ten integers
• By default, numeric elements are initialized to zero
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 Data Structures - I
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CP Memory and Initialization

CS
• When the array is created, memory is reserved for
20 its contents
4 • You can also specify the values for the array instead
of using the new operator
• Example:
int[] grade = {95, 93, 88}; //array of 3 ints
• To find the length of an array, use the length
method
int numGrades = grade.length();

10 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan

 Data Structures - I
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CP Arrays’ Properties in Java

CS • Arrays are objects
20 • Arrays are created dynamically, at run time
4 • An array type variable holds a reference to the array
object
• An array’s length is set when the array is created, and it
cannot be changed.
• Arrays can be duplicated with the Object.clone()
method
• An ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException is
thrown if index exceeds array length
11 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan
 Data Structures - I
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CP Array Processing in JAVA

CS
• java.util.Arrays class provides many built-in
20
functions for sorting and searching
4 o The method Arrays.sort(array_name) is used
to sort an array
o The method Arrays.binarySearch(array_name,
target) is used to search through a sorted array
o The method Arrays.equals(array1, array2) is
used to check if two arrays are equal
• Meaning, if the same values are at each index
position
12 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan
 Data Structures - I
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CP Array Processing in Java

CS
20
4

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 Data Structures - I
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CP
CS
20
4
ARRAY
As a Data Structure

14 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan

 Data Structures - I
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CP What is an Array?
CS
• An array is a data structure
20
o It is a collection of multiple values of same
4 type
o Examples:
o An array of student grades
o An array of student names
o An array of objects (OOP perspective!)

• Assumption: Data in array is always sorted

• Array elements are initialized with “+∞”
15 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan
 Data Structures - I
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CP Array Characteristics
CS
• Homogeneity
20 o All elements in an array must have the same data type
4 • Contiguous Memory
o Array elements (or their references) are stored in
contiguous/consecutive memory locations
• Direct access to an element
o Index reference is used to access it directly
• Static data structure
o An array cannot grow or shrink during program
execution…the size is fixed
16 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan
 Data Structures - I
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CP
CS
20
4
Operations on ARRAY
As a Data Structure

17 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan

 Data Structures - I
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CP Array Operations
CS • Accessing/indexing an element using its index
20 o Performance is very fast
4 o We can access an index immediately without searching
o myArray [1250] = 55;
o we immediately access array spot 1250 of myArray
public static void access(double[] a, int index) {

a[index] = a[index] + a[index] * 0.20;

System.out.println (“Updated value “+

a[index]);
}

18 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan

 Data Structures - I
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CP Array Operations
CS • Traversing an array
20 o Display all contents of an array
4 • All elements will be displayed
• Every elements will be displayed exactly once

public static void display(int[] a) {

for (int i=0; i<a.length; i++)

System.out.println (a[i]);
}

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 Data Structures - I
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CP Array Operations
CS
• Insertion: add an element at a certain
20
index
4 o What if we want to add an element at the
beginning?
• This would be a very slow operation! Why?
o Because we would have to shift ALL other elements over
one position
• What if we add an element at the end?
o It would be FAST. Why? No need to shift.

20 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan

 Data Structures - I
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public static void insert(int[] a, int value) {

CP if (a . length == 0 || value < a[0]){
for (int i = a.length-1; i > 0; i--)

Array - Insertion
CS a[i] = a[i-1];
a[i] = value;
20 }
else{
4 int j = 0;
while ( j < a . length -1){
if (a[j+1] > value)
break;
j++;
}
for (int k = a.length-1; k > j+1; k--)
a[k] = a[k-1];
if ( j == a.length-1)
System. out. println(“Array Full”);
else
a[k] = value;
}
}

21 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan

 Data Structures - I
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CP Array Operations
CS
• Deletion: remove an element at a certain
20
index
4 o Remove an element at the beginning of the
array
• Performance is again very slow.
o Because ALL elements need to shift one position
backwards
o Remove an element at the end of an array
• Very fast because of no shifting needed

22 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan

 Data Structures - I
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public static void delete(int[] a, int value) {

CP if (value == a[0]){
for (int i = 1; i < a . length 0; i++)
CS

Array - Deletion
a[i-1] = a[i];
a[i-1] = + ∞;// maximum value of domain range
20 }
else{
4 int j = 0;
while ( j < a . Length-1){
if (a[j+1] == value){
for (int k = j+1; k < a . Length-1; k++)
a[k] = a[k+1];
a[k] = + ∞;
break;
}
j++;
}
if ( j == a . Length – 1)
System.out.println (“Value is not found”);
}

23 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan

 Data Structures - I
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CP Array Operations
CS
• Merging: combining the data of two or
20
more arrays into one
4 o Implementation is left for student exercise
public static void merge(int[] a, int[] b) {

24 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan

 Data Structures - I
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CP Array Operations
CS
• Sorting: Arranging the values in ascending
20
or descending order
4 o Insertion Sort
o Selection Sort
o Quick Sort etc

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 Data Structures - I
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CP
CS
20
4
ARRAYS
Searching

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 Data Structures - I
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CP Array Operations
CS
• Searching through the array:
20 • Depends on the algorithm
4 • Some algorithms are faster than others
o More detail coming soon!
o Linear Search
o Binary Search

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 Data Structures - I
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CP
CS
20
4
Operations on ARRAY
Linear Search

28 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan

 Data Structures - I
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CP Linear Search
CS public static boolean search(int[] a, int value) {
for (int i=0; i<a.length; i++) {
20 if (a[i] == value) {
return true;
4 }
}
return false;
}

• The code returns a Boolean value

o If found it will return TRUE
o Otherwise FALSE

29 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan

 Data Structures - I
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CP Linear Search
CS public static int search(int[] a, int value) {
for (int i=0; i<a.length; i++) {
20 if (a[i] == value) {
return i;
4 }
}
return -1;
}

• The code returns location of the values

o If found it will return Index of the value
o Otherwise it will return -1

30 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan

 Data Structures - I
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CP
CS
20
4
Operations on ARRAY
Linear Search
Analysis
31 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan
 Data Structures - I
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CP Analysis of Linear Search

CS
• Applicable for all data i.e. Sorted or Unsorted
20 o Basic operation is “comparison”
4 o They ONLY way to be sure that a value isn’t in
the array is to look at every single spot of the
array
o If we have 100 elements then we have to make
100 comparisons to be sure about the value
o Therefore for “n” elements, the number of
comparisons will be “n” i.e. O(n)

32 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan

 Data Structures - I
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CP
CS
20
4
Operations on ARRAY
Binary Search

33 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan

 Data Structures - I
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CP Binary Search (Introduction)

CS
• Number Guessing Game from childhood
20
o Remember the game you most likely played as
4 a child
• I have a secret number between 1 and 100.
• Make a guess and I’ll tell you whether your guess is
too high or too low.
• Then you guess again. The process continues until
you guess the correct number.
• Your job is to MINIMIZE the number of guesses you
make.
34 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan
 Data Structures - I
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CP Binary Search (Introduction)

CS
• Number Guessing Game from childhood
20 o What is the first guess of most people?
4 • 50.
o Why?
• No matter the response (too high or too low), the most
number of possible values for your remaining search is 50
(either from 1-49 or 51-100)
• Any other first guess results in the risk that the possible
remaining values is greater than 50.
o Example: you guess 75
o I respond: too high
o So now you have to guess between 1 and 74
» 74 values to guess from instead of 50
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 Data Structures - I
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CP Binary Search (Introduction)

CS
• Applicable only on Sorted array
20 index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 value 2 6 19 27 33 37 38 41 118

• We are searching for the value, 19

• So where is halfway between?
o One guess would be to look at 2 and 118 and take their
average (60).
o But 60 isn’t even in the list
o And if we look at the number closest to 60
• It is almost at the end of the array
36 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan
 Data Structures - I
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CP Binary Search (Introduction)

CS
• We quickly realize that if we want to adapt the
20 number guessing game strategy to searching an
4 array, we MUST search in the middle INDEX of the
array.
index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
value 2 6 19 27 33 37 38 41 118

• In this case:
o The lowest index is 0
o The highest index is 8
o So the middle index is 4
37 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan
 Data Structures - I
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CP Binary Search (Introduction)

CS index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

20 value 2 6 19 27 33 37 38 41 118

4 • We would ask, “is the number I am searching for, 19, greater or less
than the number stored in index 4?
o Index 4 stores 33
• The answer would be “less than”
• So we would modify our search range to in between index 0 and
index 3
o Note that index 4 is no longer in the search space
• We then continue this process
o The second index we’d look at is index 1, since (0+3)/2=1
o Then we’d finally get to index 2, since (2+3)/2 = 2
o And at index 2, we would find the value, 19, in the array
38 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan
 Data Structures - I
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CP Binary Search (Code return boolean)

CS public static boolean binSearch(int[] a, int value) {
20 int low = 0;
int high = a.length-1;
4 while (low <= high) {
int mid = (low + high)/2;
if (value == a[mid])
return true; // meaning, “found”
else if (value < a[mid])
high = mid - 1;
else // if (value > a[mid]
low = mid + 1;
}
return false; // this only happens if not found

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 Data Structures - I
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CP Binary Search (Code return index)

CS public static int binSearch(int[] a, int value) {
20 int low = 0;
int high = a.length-1;
4 while (low <= high) {
int mid = (low + high)/2;
if (value == a[mid])
return mid; // the index of value
else if (value < a[mid])
high = mid - 1;
else // if (value > a[mid]
low = mid + 1;
}
return -1; // this only happens if not found

40 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan

 Data Structures - I
“No Bonus” marks for this course anymore

CP
CS
20
4
Operations on ARRAY
Binary Search
Analysis
41 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan
 Data Structures - I
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CP Analysis of Binary Search

CS • Let’s analyze how many comparisons (guesses) are
20 necessary when running this algorithm on an array of n
4 items
First, let’s try n = 128
o After 1 guess, we have 64 items left,
o After 2 guesses, we have 32 items left,
o After 3 guesses, we have 16 items left,
o After 4 guesses, we have 8 items left,
o After 5 guesses, we have 4 items left,
o After 6 guesses, we have 2 item left
o After 7 guesses, we have 1 items left.
o After 8 guesses, we have 0 items left.
42 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan
 Data Structures - I
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CP Analysis of Binary Search

CS
• General case for n items
20
o After 1 guesses, we have n/2 items left,
4 o After 2 guesses, we have n/4 items left,
o After 3 guesses, we have n/8items left,
o After 4 guesses, we have n/16 items left,
o …………………
o …………………
o …………………
o So on until we have 1 item left
43 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan
 Data Structures - I
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CP Analysis of Binary Search

CS
• General case for n items
20 n/21
o After 1 guesses, we have n/2 items left,
4 o After 2 guesses, we have n/4 items left, n/22
o After 3 guesses, we have n/8items left, n/23
n/24
o After 4 guesses, we have n/16 items left,
o ………………… n/210
o After 10 guesses, we have n/2k
o After k guesses, we have
o We will stop when we left with 1 item
44 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan
 Data Structures - I
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CP Analysis of Binary Search

CS
• So we will stop once
20
4 n
k
1 n2 k
k  log 2 n
2
• This means that a binary search roughly
takes log2n comparisons when searching
in a sorted array of n items
• Efficiency of Binary Search is O(log2n)
45 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan
 Data Structures - I
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CP Linear Search vs Binary Search

CS
• Linear search O(n)
20
4 • Binary Search O(log2n)
• Binary Search is more efficient
n log n
8 3
1024 10
65536 16
1048576 20
33554432 25
1073741824 30

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 Data Structures - I
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CP
CS
20
4
List Matching
Problem

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 Data Structures - I
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CP List Matching Problem

CS
• You are given two lists of Last Names
20
o Within each list, all names are distinct
4 o Also, each list is unsorted / sorted
• Problem:
o Output the names common to both lists

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 Data Structures - I
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CP Sorted List Matching Problem

CS
• Solution 01 (Brute Force – Unsorted lists)
20
o For each name on list #1, do the following:
4 a) Search for the current name in list #2
b) If the name is found, output it.

o Steps a and b are run for each of the n names

in List #1, resulting in an O(n2) running time.

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 Data Structures - I
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CP Sorted List Matching Problem

CS
• Solution 01 (Brute Force - Unsorted lists)
20 public static void printMatches(String[] lst1, String[] lst2){
4 int i, j;

for (i=0; i < lst1.length; i++) {

for (j=0; j < lst2.length; j++) {

if (lst1[i].compareTo(lst2[j])==0) {

System.out.println(lst1[i]);
break;
}
}
}
}
50 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan
 Data Structures - I
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CP Sorted List Matching Problem

CS
• Solution 02 (One Sorted List)
20 o Compare the target to the middle item in the list.
4 o If the target is the same as the middle item
• you've found the target.
o If it's before the middle item
• repeat this procedure on the items before the middle.
o If it's after the middle item
• repeat on the items after the middle.
o The method halves the number of items to check
each time. So It runs in logarithmic time: O(log n)
o Matching n items of list 1 will take O(n log n)
51 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan
 Data Structures - I
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CP Sorted List Matching Problem

CS
• Solution 02 (One Sorted List)
20 public static void printMatches(String[] lst1, String[] lst2){
4 int i;

for (i=0; i < list1.length; i++) {

if (binSearch(list2, list1[i]))

System.out.println(list1[i]);
}
}

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 Data Structures - I
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CP Sorted List Matching Problem

CS
• Solution 03 (Both Sorted Lists)
20 1) Start two “markers”
4  One for each list, at the beginning of both lists
2) Repeat the following steps until one marker has
reached the end of the list
a) Compare the two names that the markers are pointing at
b) If they are equal,
 Output the name and advance BOTH makers one spot
c) If they are NOT equal,
 Simply advance the marker pointing to the name that comes earlier,
alphabetically, one spot

• Try coding this up on your own

53 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan
 Data Structures - I
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CP Sorted List Matching Problem

CS
• Solution 03 (Both Sorted Lists)
20
List #1 List #2
4 Adams Boston
Bell Davis
Davis Duncan
Harding Francis
Jenkins Gamble
Lincoln Harding
Simpson Mason
Zoeller Simpson

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 Data Structures - I
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CP Sorted List Matching Problem

CS
• Solution 03 (Both Sorted Lists)
20 o For each loop iteration, we advance at least one
4 marker
o As such, the maximum number of iterations would
be the total number of names on both lists, which
is n, the length of both lists
• For each iteration, we are doing a constant amount of
work
• Essentially a comparison and/or outputting a name
o Thus, this algorithm runs in about 2n steps i.e.
O(n)
55 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan
 Data Structures - I
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CP
CS
20
4

Allah (Alone) is
Sufficient for us, and He
is the Best Disposer of
affairs (for us).(Quran 3 : 173)
56 Dr. Jonathan (Yahya) Cazalas Dr. Muhammad Umair Ramzan