DYNAMICS OF
VIBRATION;
ATTENUATION
VIBRATION
• An oscillation of the parts of a fluid or an
elastic solid whose equilibrium has been
disturbed, or of an electromagnetic wave.
• Vibration is defined as the oscillating,
reciprocating, or other periodic motion ofa
rigid or elastic body or medium forced from
a position or state of equilibrium.
TYPES OF VIBRATION
•Free Vibration
•Forced Vibration
•Damped Vibration
Free Vibration
• Occurs when a mechanical system is
set in motion with an initial input and
allowed to vibrate freely. The
mechanical system vibrates at one or
more of its natural frequencies and
damps down to motionlessness
Classification of Free Vibrations:
1. Longitudinal
2. Transverse
3. Torsional
Forced Vibration
• Is when a time-varying disturbance is
applied to a mechanical system. The
disturbance can be a periodic and
steady-state input, a transit input or
a random input
Damped Vibration
• is when an energy of a vibrating
system is gradually dissipated by
friction and other resistances
SEISMIC
Earthquakes and Some of these Seismic waves are
underground waves travel vibration or
explosions can forward and back disturbances that
release a lot of through the propagates from
energy. That materials. Other source, such as
energy ripples waves travels like explosion or
away from its ocean waves where shockwaves, through
source in a variety they make the the earth until they
of ways. material they pass encounter a reflecting
through moves up surface and are
and down reflected into a
detector
ATTENUATION
When you throw The waves are Seismic waves
a pebble in a largest where also become
pond, it makes they are formed attenuated as
waves on the and gradually get they move away
surface that smaller as they from the
move out from move away. This earthquakes
the place where decrease in size, source
the pebble or amplitude, of
entered the the waves is
water called
attenuation
SEISMIC ATTENUATION
Seismic attenuation For these reasons, Seismic attenuation is
describes the energy seismic attenuation an intrinsic property of
loss experienced by has the potential to rocks causing
seismic waves as be a valuable dissipation(waste) of
they propagate. It is source of energy as seismic
controlled by the information about waves propagate
temperature, the Earth’s interior, through the
composition, melt complementing subsurface. It results
content, and seismic velocity and in the decay of
volatile content of allowing more amplitude of the
the rocks through definite conclusions seismic waves.
which the waves to be drawn
travel.
Attenuation is related to velocity dispersion.
The energy of seismic wave is
conserved if it travels through a perfectly elastic
medium. Propagating seismic waves
loose energy due to:
Geometrical spreading
Absorption (anelastic attenuation)
Scattering (elastic attenuation)
Attenuation
- decrease in the amplitude of a wave with distance
Amplitude
- refers to the maximum amount of displacement
of a particle on the medium from its rest position.
- Distance from rest to crest
Scattering
- Wavelength- dependent;
- Scattering regime is controlled by the ratio of the characteristic scale length
of the heterogeneity of the medium, a, to the wavelength.
- Described in terms of wave number,
- k=2π/wavelength:
- ka << 0.01 (quasi-homogeneous medium) - no significant scattering;
- ka < 0.1 (Rayleigh scattering) - produces apparent Q and anisotropy;
- 0.1 < ka < 10 (Mie scattering) - introduces strong attenuation and
discernible scattering noise in the signal.
- typical for high-resolution seismic studies (boulder clay with 0.5-1 m
bypoulders, V P ≈2000 m/s, f ≈ 500 Hz
QUALITY FACTOR
- Attenuation is measured by a dimensionless quality known as the rock
quality factor Q or attenuation factor.
- It is assumed that Q is linked to the physical state of the rock.
- Q is as ratio of stored energy to dispersed energy. It measures a relative
energy loss per oscillation cycle.
- Q increases when the density and the velocity of the material increases.
- In the Earth’s crust and mantle Q ranges from 10 to 1000.
- A = 1/Q
Q= (energy of seismic wave)÷(energy lost during one cycle of wave) =
2πE/∆E
where E is the energy of seismic wave and ∆E is the energy change per cycle
ROCK TYPE
Shale 30 10
Sandstone 58 31
Granite 250 70-250
Peridote 650 280
ATTENUATION STRUCTURE THROUGH
THE EARTH'S SUBSURFACE
Global attenuation model has been
obtained from the normal modes and surface
waves displays the highest attenuation in the
asthenosphere and inner core and low
attenuation in the lithosphere and lower
mantle. Global surface wave attenuation
models correspond closely with shear velocity,
suggesting that the temperature is the main
controlling factor.
SEISMIC ATTENUATION AND ROCK
PROPERTIES
The attenuation is directly related to the composition of
the Earth's layers. Thus it changes whenever the changes
in the layering composition occur.
This property of attenuation allows scientists to identify
variations in rock properties.
Measurements of seismic attenuation can also provide
information of fluid content or zones of high
permeability.
Greater porosity and higher Vp/Vs correspond to higher
attenuation
