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Statistical Tools

The document discusses various measures of central tendency including the mean, median, and mode. It provides definitions and examples of when to use each. The mean is the average calculated by summing all values and dividing by the total number. The median is the middle value in a sorted list. The mode is the most frequently occurring value. Non-parametric equivalents for some common parametric tests are also outlined such as using Spearman's Rho instead of Pearson's r for non-normal data.

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Larry Erbite
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21 views

Statistical Tools

The document discusses various measures of central tendency including the mean, median, and mode. It provides definitions and examples of when to use each. The mean is the average calculated by summing all values and dividing by the total number. The median is the middle value in a sorted list. The mode is the most frequently occurring value. Non-parametric equivalents for some common parametric tests are also outlined such as using Spearman's Rho instead of Pearson's r for non-normal data.

Uploaded by

Larry Erbite
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Measures of

Central
Tendency
Mean-Median-Mode
Measures of Average or Position

• Mean or computation average describe a


distribution of
scores by
determining a
• Median or positional average single value that
identifies the
center of the
• Mode or nominal average distribution
Central Tendency
-is a statistical measure that attempts to
determine the single value, usually located in
the center of a distribution, that is most
typical or most representative of the entire set
of scores.
Mean or Computational Average
–A computational average of a group of scores
–It is the sum of all observations or items
divided by the total number of items.
–Computed by
• Summing all the scores (sigma, )
• Dividing by the number of scores (N)
M 
X
N
• Consider the following set of scores:

5 10 15 20 25
When To Use the Mean
• Widely used for homogeneous or normally
distributed data.
• The mean is preferred because it is sensitive to every
score
–If you change one score in the data set, the mean
will change
Median or Positional Average
–It is a point in an array, below and above
which one-half of the score falls.
–It is the middle score or the mean of the two
middle scores in an array of data.
–It is a measure of position rather than
magnitude.
• The median is the middle score in an array with
odd numbers. Consider the following set of
data:
10 15 5 25 20
• To determine the median(Md), arrange the data
in ascending or descending order, say:
5 10 15 20 25
• The median is the mean of the two middle score
in any array of even numbers.
5 10 15 20 25 25
When To Use the Median
• It is used when the middle score is desired.
• The median is often used when the distribution of
scores is either positively or negatively skewed.
–The few really large scores (positively skewed) or
really small scores (negatively skewed) will not
overly influence the median
Mode or Nominal Average
It is a score which occurs most frequently.
unimodal = one score 6

bimodal = two scores 5

4
multimodal = more score 3

Frequency
2

0
75 80 85 90 95
Score on Exam 1
6
Bimodal Distributions 5

4
• When a

Frequency
3
distribution has
2
two “modes,” it is
1
called bimodal
0
75 80 85 90 95
Score on Exam 1
6
Multimodal Distributions 5

• If a distribution has 4

Frequency
more than 2 “modes,” 3
it is called multimodal
2

0
75 80 85 90 95
Score on Exam 1
When To Use the Mode

• The mode is not a very useful measure of central


tendency.
– It is insensitive to large changes in the data set.
• That is, two data sets that are very different from
each other can have the same mode
• A quick measure of average
Parametric Non-parametric
1. chi-square – Binomial Test
2. Pearsons r - Spearman rho
3. t-test for dependent sample – Wilcoxon signed rank test
4. t-test for independent sample – Mann Whitney U test
5. One-way ANOVA – Kruskal Wallis
chi-square (x2)
• test between two nominal variables.

Example.
1. Do students differ in their choice of drinks? (One sample
x2)

2. Do boys and girls differ significantly in their choices of


drinks? (two sample x2)
Pearson’s r
• test used to measure relationship (correlation) between
interval variables

Example.
Is there a significant relationship between students
performance in Science and Math?
t – test
• used to compare two means.

• Example. 1. In a sample mean in artistic ability significantly


different from the National mean of 80?
One-way ANOVA
• Is used to compared three or more means .

• Do students perform differently in Science according to the


educational qualification of their father (Secondary,
Bachelors, and Masters)
Spearman rho
• test used to measure relationship (correlation) for
nonparametric data

Example.
Is there a significant relationship between students
performance in Science and Math?
Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
A test used to measure difference between two related
samples for nonparametric test

• Example. Is there a significant difference in the performance


of students in pretest and posttest?
Kruskal Wallis
• used to compare three or more means for nonparametric
test.

• Do students perform differently in Science according to the


educational qualification of their father (Secondary,
Bachelors, and Masters)
Data Analysis Procedure
The descriptive statistics used were mean, frequency count and standard
deviation. For inferential statistics Spearman’s Rho were used. The level of significance
was set at 0.05 alpha.
Frequency Count. The frequency count determines the number of respondents in
the different groups according to the categories of variables.
In this study, frequency count refers to the number of Grade 12 students.
Mean. It is the sum total weighted of all items in the checklist divided by the total
number of items. The mean were used for level of each variable.
The arithmetic mean was used to rank the Daily Allowance: Its Relationship to the
Academic Performance of Grade 12 Students.
Standard Deviation. It provides some idea about the distribution of scores around
the mean (average). The smaller the standard deviation, the more narrow the range
between the lowest and highest scores or, more generally, that the scores cluster
closely to the average score.

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