DATAMEX COLLEGE OF SAINT ADELINE

85 Commonwealth Ave., East Fairview Park Subd.

Greater Fairview, Quezon City

EXTRACTION OF MAKABUHAY OILS FROM TINOSPORA RUMPHII

BOERL (MAKABUHAY PLANT) AS A STRATEGY TO CONTROL
SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM BACTERIA

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

In
PRACTICAL RESEARCH I

Presented by:
Balaba, Jayson D.
Corde, Maria Karen
Cris, Jhuana Marie
Cruz, Kenji
Fabilan, Justine
Luceño, Chresha Mea M.
Señas, Jordan

Presented to:
Mrs. Grace B. Mapanao
2020
 CONTENTS CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
Significance of the study 1.1
1
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMENDATION 5 Statement of the problem 1.2
Scope and Delimitation 1.3

Summary of findings 5.1

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES 2
Conclusion 5.2
Recommendation 5.3
METHODOLOGY 3
APPENDICES 6 Research Design 3.1
Research Locale 3.2
Certificate of Authentication 6.1 Population and Sampling 3.3
Service Report 6.2 Reasearch Ethics 3.4
Research Instruments 3.5

REFERENCES 7 Data Collection 3.6

Data Analysis 3.7
Documentation 3.8
PRESENTATION AND
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 8 INTERPRETATION OF DATA 4
What is salmonella? 4.1
What is salmonellosis? 4.2
What are the symptoms of salmonellosis? 4.3
Is salmonellosis a long-term consequences? 4.4
How do people get salmonellosis? 4.5
What kinds of food are most likely the salmonella occurs
to make people sick? 4.6
How can people prevent salmonella bacteria? 4.7
 Abstract
The Philippines is among the developing countries that have poor sewage
and water systems. This can be the cause of several health complications carried by
bacteria. One of the most threatening carriers is Salmonella typhimurium. This bacterium
is one of the major causes of food poisoning, taken from poultry, meat, fruits and
vegetables. To deal with the problem, this study aimed to provide an accessible solution.
There is a vast variety of herbal medicines that have the potential to eradicated bacteria,
the Makabuhay plant (Tinospora rumphii boerl) is one of them. The part of the plant used
was its stem. For the extraction of oils from the plant, the Makabuhay plants stem was
sliced into pieces, covered in cloth and was pounded using mortar and pestle. The
extracted oil was kept in a clean container then it was stored at room temperature. The oil
was then brought to the Natural Sciences Research Institute for its testing on Salmonella
typhimurium to determine if it can control this bacterium. Based on the results, the sample
showed antimicrobial activity against S. typhimurium with an Al of 0.7. It can be inferred
that Makabuhay oils can be a strategy to control salmonella typhimurium bacteria.

Key words: Salmonella Typhimurium, Makabuhay plant, Essential oil

1.0 Introduction
1.1 Significant of the study
This study is conducted to benefit the following :
 Patient with salmonellosis – This research will provide the patient an effective
medicine to cure the disease and to recover from bacterial infections.
 Doctors and Industrial Pharmacist – This research will provide doctors and
Industrial pharmacist with new knowledge of prescribing medicine to patients with
salmonellosis.
 Farmers - Makabuhay Plant is also helpful to farmers, they can make homemade
pesticide using Makabuhay plant because it is poisonous to striped stemborers and
Green and Brown leafhoppers. This treatment works as well as chemical pesticide but
it is cheaper and safer to use.
 Future Researchers - This study will give them more idea and knowledge to their
future research about Makabuhay plant, also for them to provide new knowledge on
what else the Makabuhay plant can do to help people.
1.2 Statement of the problem
This research sought to answer the following questions:
What is Salmonella typhimurium Bacteria?
What is Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay plant)?
Can Tinosphora rumphi Boerl control the Salmonella typhimurium Bacteria?
1.3 Scope and Delimitation
The study will focus only on the result of the Extraction of Oils from Tinospora
rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay plant) as a strategy to control Salmonella typhimurium bacteria.
The study used the qualitative method of research. Additionally, the study used an
experimental approach wherein the information is limited to the data gathered from the
subjects by conducting experimentations. The researchers gathered the Makabuhay plant in
Baranggay Commonwealth envonments only.
2.0 Review of Related Literatures ADD YOUR TEXT HERE
Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay plant) is to
Click here a plant having
add content diverse
of the roles
text ， and
briefly explain your point of view.
since it is an Indian ayurvedic medicine. It has several chemical constituents such as
alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, lactones, steroids and terpenoids (Kattupalli, Vesta, &
Vangara 2019). In addition, its extract was determined by Kirby-Bauer Test/ Disk-diffusion
method, moreover, it has been distinguished to be having antibacterial properties. Gradually,
it is now giving rise to the formulated products such as ointments and soaps which are now
commercially available (Abarientos, Corpuz, & Menor 2015). Furthermore, it is a climbing
dioecious vine reaching a height of 4 to 10 meters and 2.5 centimeters wide is found in most
of the islands in the Philippines. This plant may be propagated by planting its stem. The stem
contains 33% fixed oil; with Triolein 87.7%, trimplamitin 8.41%, tristearin 3.89%, a glycoside
and samaderin. (Baluco, 2014). Studies suggest that it has cardiotonic, antioxidant,
antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiproliferative, hypolipidemic, antimalarial,
antinociceptive properties. It is a traditional medicine used to treat various health issues.
Salmonella Typhimurium are a group of bacteria that cause a wide spectrum of diseases.
One of the species of this bacteria is Salmonella enterica where Salmonella Typhimurium
belongs. Salmonella Typhimurium can cause infections in humans and animals, moreover,
it is often associated with animals, and it can be transferred to humans through raw and
undercooked infected food including meat and eggs. This bacterium causes gastroenteritis
(inflammation of the gut) leading to diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal cramps. In
addition, people infected by Salmonella Typhimurium rarely acquire hospitalization or
antibiotics (yourgenome, 2017).
The stem extract of Tinospora rumphii Boerl was not toxic on normal cell lines
and moderately blocked the proliferation of selected human cancer cells. A study on the
crude ethanolic extract of Tinospora rumphii Boerl stem showed that the number of blood
vessel branch points in the chorioallantois membrane of duck embryos was significantly
reduced when treated with various concentrations of stem extracts. However, Tinospora
rumphii Boerl has been used also as abortifacient, for irregular menstruation and for late
menstruation. Angiogenesis has become an important issue in fighting against the progress
of cancer because it was thought that antiangiogenic drugs prevent the growth of cancer
cells by blocking the development of new blood vessels. The antiangiogenic activities of
Tinospora rumphii Boerl leaf, stem, and the combination of leaf and stem extracts were
based on the number of blood vessels formed in the chorioallantois membrane (CAM) of
mallard embryos.
The Tinospora rumphii Boerl extracts, however, yielded much lower number of blood
vessels. The stem extract yielded an average of 13.2 blood vessels formed, the leaf
extract yielded a mean of 11.0 blood vessels, while the combination of Tinospora
rumphii Boerl leaf and stem extracts, however, yielded only an average of 4.2 blood
vessels. Thus, based on the macroscopic findings, it can be concluded that the
Tinospora rumphii Boerl plant is a potential source of antiangiogenic substances
particularly the combination of its leaf and stem extracts. The mean number of blood
vessels formed in the CAM of mallard embryos was significantly reduced when treated
with the combined Tinospora rumphii Boerl leaf and stem extracts (Galia., M.L. &
Galia., J. 2016).
Salmonella infections have great role in foodborne outbreaks of human illness
especially in poultry flocks that it can cause acute and chronic clinical diseases.
Salmonella infections cause economically significant losses for poultry producers in
many nations and absorb large investments of government and private resources for
testing and control efforts. Clinical signs and gross lesions associated
with Salmonella are not completely distinctive from other bacterial infections, so
diagnosis generally requires the isolation or identification of causative organisms.
Effective strategies for controlling these zoonotic pathogens require the sustained
implementation of comprehensive risk reduction practices throughout the production
continuum (Gast & Porter 2019).
 The transmission of Salmonella is frequently associated with the consumption
of contaminated water and food of animal origin, and it is facilitated by conditions of poor
hygiene. Animals (pets) are an important reservoir for nontyphoidal Salmonella, whereas
humans are the only natural host and reservoir for Salmonella Typhimurium. Nontyphoidal
Salmonella infection is usually characterized by a self-limited gastroenteritis in
immunocompetent hosts in industrialized countries, but it may also cause invasive disease
in vulnerable individuals (e.g., children less than 1 year of age, immunocompromised).
Antibiotic treatment is not recommended for treatment of mild to moderate gastroenteritis by
nontyphoidal Salmonella in immunocompetent adults or children more than 1 year of age.
Antibiotic treatment of typhoid fever has become challenging because of the emergence of
Salmonella Typhimurium strains that are resistant to classically used first-line agents:
ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol. The most important
measures to prevent the spread and outbreaks of Salmonella infections and typhoid fever
are adequate sanitation protocols for food processing and handling as well as hand hygiene
(Bula-Rudas, Mathore & Maraqa 2015).
3.0 Methodology
3.1 Research Design
This research is a qualitative research. The researchers used the approach
phenomenology, because this approach involves investigating particular groups or experts
that had the knowledge and thoughts about the research topic and they are the ones' that
can help us to find the ground of every experiences to this study.
3.2 Research Locale
The researchers bought the Makabuhay plant around Baranggay
Commonwealth environments. On the 11th day of February 2020, the Makabuhay plant was
authenticated at the Institute of Biology, Jose Vera Santos Memorial Herbarium (PUH),
College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City. The testing of
Makabuhay plant was conducted in the UP Diliman campus, National Sciences Research
Institute, Miranda Hall since they are capable to test the main component in this study.
3.3 Population and Sampling
The participant in the study is a medical expert as a respondent in this
research. A participant sample is a non-probability sample that is selected base on
characteristics of a population and objective of the study.
3.4 Research Ethics
The researcher will conduct a research about Makabuhay plant and salmonella
bacteria, and the researcher will follow ethical code and policies for research, which is being
honest for every information, result, and procedure that the researcher will conduct. The
researcher will also avoid biases and focus only to the result of the data gathered. The
researcher will also respect the confidentiality of the participants, and promises every will
agreement follow sincerely in purpose. The researcher will also respect colleague, and all
peers fairly and avoid discrimination. The researcher will also obey relevant law and
government policies, and will respect the intellectual property of others, and will give proper
acknowledgement for every author, cite, and sources use in the research.
This research will also be open for criticisms and open for new idea. This research will also
share the result, ideas and sources to the public for the purpose of advancing researches in
the future.
3.5 Research Instruments
In this study, the researcher designed an interview schedule as instruments in
the research. The interviewee is the people who have an expertise in the medical field. The
interview questions were aimed at eliciting relevant information concerning Salmonella
bacteria and Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay plant). Questions relating to Salmonella
infection and what food does it likely to infect, and the benefits of Makabuhay plant.
3.6 Data collection
The researchers made a letter for the verification and identification of
Makabuhay plant to allow the researchers to conduct the study. Then, the researchers
present a questionnaire that will be ask to the interviewee. In connection with this, the
researchers will be going to find someone that is expert in medical field. The main
component of the project (Makabuhay Plant) was bought around Barangay
Commonwealth's environment. After that, it was bought in the Institute of Biology, Jose Vera
Santos Memorial Herbarium (PUH), College of Science, University of the Philippines,
Diliman, Quezon City for the authentication of Makabuhay plant. After that, Makabuhay plant
will be extracted by the researcher, the stem will be sliced into pieces (2 inches long). A fair
amount will be place in a piece of cloth. Using a mortar and pestle, the plant will be pounded
until it looked like it was shredded. Still in the cloth, the plant will be twisted until it will able
to produce liquid.
The extracted oil will be contained in a clean bottle. It would be stored at room temperature
(23 °C). the essential oil of the Makabuhay plant will be brought to the Natural Sciences
Research Institute, UP Diliman, Quezon City for its testing on the Salmonella bacteria. This
will determine the ability of the Makabuhay plant extract to control Salmonella bacteria.
3.7 Data analysis
The first objective of the researcher is to control salmonella
bacteria since it is the common cause of food poisoning. The researcher did some research
about salmonella bacteria and the possible treatment to cure it. The researcher uses the
internet as a method to understand the possible cure to control salmonella bacteria since it is
the most accessible. The second objective is to identify the makabuhay plant since the
researcher find that it has a potential to control salmonella bacteria. The researcher did some
research about the benefits of makabuhay plant by using the internet and was authenticated
in the Institute of Biology, Jose Vera Santos Memorial Herbarium (PUH), College of Science,
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City to make sure that the researcher has the
correct specimen of plant. The third objective is to know the salmonella bacteria from the
medical expert. It is to be more knowledgeable about the bacteria. The researcher did some
interview to Dr. Richard A.C. Baculinao in Bagong Silang, Caloocan City since he is available
for the interview. The researcher uses the interview method to get some more information.
the fourth objective is to know if makabuhay plant can control salmonella bacteria. The
researcher brings the extracted oil of authenticated makabuhay plant in UP Diliman, National
Sciences Research Institute, Miranda Hall since they have the equipments to test the oil of
makabuhay plant in controlling salmonella bacteria.
3.8 Documentation

Extraction of Makabuhay Oils from Tinospora Rumphii Boerl that was

done by the researchers.

Authentication of Makabuhay plant in Institute of Biology, Jose Vera

Santos Memorial Herbarium (PUH), College of Science, University of
the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City.
 Interviewing a medical expert in Bagong Silang phase 1, Dr. Richard
A.C. Baculinao.
01

02

03

04
Testing of Makabuhay Oils in National Sciences Research Institute,
Miranda Hall, Microbiological Research and Services Laboratory with
Mrs. Rosalyn Diaz.
4.0 Presentation and Interpretation of Data
These are the findings that was gathered regarding the Extraction of Oils
from Tinospora rumphii Boerl to contro Salmonella typhimurium bacteria. The interview is
conducted and the respondent of the study is Dr. Richard A.C. Baculinao who has an
expertise in medical field.
4.1 What is salmonella?
Salmonella is a kind of bacteria that affects the health of individual if
ingested. Salmonella is also the common reason of food poison and it can cause extreme
stomach ache, diarrheal, vomiting and etc.
4.2 What is salmonellosis?
Salmonellosis is a kind of food poisoning cause by the salmonella bacteria that
can mostly get from the contaminated food by salmonella, such as raw meat products.
4.3 What are the symptoms of salmonellosis?
The symptoms of salmonellosis are stomach ache, diarrhea, fever, and abdominal
cramp.
4.4 Is salmonellosis a long-term consequence?
Salmonellosis can be a long-term consequence if the patient doesnt get a proper
treatment or he/she have a low immune system. Additionally, salmonellosis is dangerous
for infants and old people since they have a low immune system.
4.5 How do people get salmonellosis?
People get salmonellosis from the food that is contaminated by salmonella
bacteria. People can also get salmonellosis by interacting to someone who got a
salmonellosis and he/she doesn't wash his/her hands or not doing proper hygiene
4.6 What kinds of food are most likely the salmonella occurs to make people sick?
Those food that is not well cooked, it might be contaminated with salmonella
bacteria. Some foods that are easily contaminated by salmonella bacteria is egg, chicken,
meat or food that is supplied by the livestock.
4.7 How can people prevent salmonella bacteria?
People can prevent salmonella contamination by washing their hands proper
and doing the proper hygiene, cooking raw products well.

In this study Tinospora rumphii Boerl (makabuhay plant) can control salmonella
bacteria. Salmonella infection or salmonellosis is a common bacterial disease that affects
the internal tract. It is typically living in animal and human intestines. Humans can be
infected through contaminated water or food like raw meat, poultry seafood, and raw
eggs. People with salmonella have no physical symptoms and it will develop diarrhea,
fever, and abdominal cramps. Aqueous extract of makabuhay plant is used for treatment
of stomach trouble, indigestion and diarrhea. Based on the results, the sample
Makabuhay extract (Tinaspora Rumphii boerl) inhibited the growth of the test organism
Salmonella typhimurium with an AI of 0.7
 5.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Summary of findings
This research was conducted for the purpose of determining if Tinospora rumphii
Boerl can control the Salmonella typhimurium bacteria. The interview served as the instrument
for collecting data and a medical expert represent the respondent of the study. This research
was conducted during the school year 2019-2020.
Tinospora rumphii Boerl have many purposes that can be used and this plant is
also known for its anti-bacterial properties. Salmonella typhimurium bacteria is the common
cause of food poison that can easily get from raw products. In connection with this,
salmonellosis is a kind of food poison with a symptom of stomach ache, diarrhea, fever and
abdominal cramps. This type of food poison might become a long-term consequence if doesn't
get a proper treatment.The microbial suspension was prepared from 24-hour old culture of the
KEYWORD
test organism which is the Salmonella typhimurium UPCC 1368. The suspending medium used
KEYWORD
was 0.1% peptone water.
5.2 Conclusion:
In many developing countries, including the Philippines, sewage and water
treatment systems are very neager; resulting countless fevers, viruses and diseases easily
spread out from one organism to another causing poor health conditions and deaths of living
things. An epitome is the typhoid fever caused by Salmonella Typhi bacteriaa kind of pathogen
thrives in developing societies or areas where disasters have compromised sanitation (Pollack,
2005), and can cause infections in human and animals, moreover, it often associated with
animals, and it can be transferred to humans through raw and undercooked infected food
including meat and eggs (yourgenome, 2017).
 The researchers used the qualitative method of research. Additionally, the study
used an experimental approach wherein the information is limited to data gathered from
the subjects by conducting experiments. This research was conducted for the purpose
of determining if Tinosphora ramphii Boeri can control the Salmonella typhi bacteria.
In order for the researcher conduct the experiment, they investigate
particular groups or experts that had the knowledge and thoughts about the research
topic ansd they end up collecting Tinosphora ramphii Boeri (Makahuhay Plant) around
Barangay Commonwealth since it is capable to test the main component in the study.
During the experiment, the researchers extract the Makabuhay plant and
the stem of it sliced into pieces (2 inches long). A fair amount will be place in a piece of
cloth. Using a mortar and pestle, the plant pounded will be twisted until it will able to
produce liquid. The extracted oil will be contained in a clean bottle. It would be stored at
room temperature (23°c). Then, the essential oil of the Makabuhay plant brought to the
Natural Sciences Research Institute, UP Diliman, Quezon City for its testing on the
Salmonella bacteria.
During the testing session, experts used the 24-hour old culture of test
organism. They used the cotton swab into the agae surface and microbial suspension
several times and pressed firmly on the inside wall of the tube to remove excess
inoculum from the swab. The procedure was repeated two more times.
Then, rotating the plate 60° each time to ensure even distribution of inoculum. After a
few more observations, they computed the antimicrobial index (AI) using the formula
given and the sample conclude that the antimicrobial activity against S. typhimurium
with an AI of 0.7. In findings of the study, Tinosphora ramphii Boeri have many
purposes that can be used and this plant is also known as for its anti-bacterial
properties. The result of the study showed that Tinosphora ramphii Boeri (Makabuhay
plant) can control the Salmonella typhi bacteria. On the other hand, to prevent the
spread and outbreaks of Salmonella are adequate sanitation protocols for food
processing and handling as well as hand hygiene (Bula-Rudas, Mathone, & Maraga
2015).
5.3 Recommendation
The researchers recommend the following:
• Good personal hygiene. Keeping yourself clean is a good sign that you might be
away from different illness and bacteria. Based on the study, salmonella typhimurium
bacteria can easily get from unclean surroundings. We highly recommend to do the
proper hygiene everyday so you can get away from any bacteria.
• Cooking raw foods properly. Salmonella typhimurium bacteria can easily get from
raw foods such as egg, meats, chicken etc. Every raw food has to be cooked
properly with its proper time limit. Cooking the raw foods properly will get you away
from Salmonella typhimurium bacteria so we highly recommend this.
• A Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay plant) medicine. As stated in this research,
Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay plant) can control Salmonella typhimurium
bacteria therefore, we highly recommend to the industrial pharmacist to make a
medicine from Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay plant) oil to help with the patients
that has a salmonellosis.

ADD YOUR
• Plant more Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay plant). It is clearly stated that

TEXT HERE
Tinospora rumphii Boerl (Makabuhay plant) have different benefits. We recommend to
the farmers to plant more Makabuhay plant to make more medicine from it.
• Furthermore study. We recommend to the future researchers to further more study
the Makabuhay plant to be more in great use. In addition, future researchers could
focus more on Makabuhay plant, finding the chemical properties that helps to control a
bacterium because the researchers of this study have limited time and resources.
6.0 Appendices
7.0 References
• Abarientos, M.J., Corpuz, F.J., Menor, P.M., Pelagio, C., and Razo, E. (2015). Antibacterial
Potential of Makabuhay (Tinospora cordifolia) extract Formulated as Facial Cleanser.
Site: J Razo - 2015 - itceprints.slu.edu.ph
• Ahmad, W., Jantan, I., & Bukhari, S. N. (2016). Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson:
A Review of Its Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Aspects. Frontiers in
pharmacology.
Site: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4800188/
• Galia, M. L., & Galia, J. D. (2016). Antiangiogenic activity of TinosporarumphiiBoerl
(makabuhay) leaf and stem extracts. International Research Journal of Biological
Sciences, 5(1), 54-9.
Site: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/686f/ab63750effa350c1bf3adcb1590547c6a635.pdf
• KATTUPALLI, S., VESTA, V., VANGARA, S., & SPANDANA, U. (2019). THE MULTI-
ACTIVITY HERBACEOUS VINE-TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA. Asian J Pharm Clin
Res, 12(3), 1-4.
Site: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sowjanya_Kattupalli/publication/
332370053_THE_MULTI-ACTIVITY_HERBACEOUS_VINE_-TINOSPORA_CORDIFOLIA/
links/5cb03b2d4585156cd79173f5/THE-MULTI-ACTIVITY-HERBACEOUS-VINE-
TINOSPORA-CORDIFOLIA.pdf
• yourgenome, (2017). What is Salmonella? Copyright information. [online] Available at:
https://www.yourgenome.org/copyright [Accessed 12 Jan. 2019].
8.0 Acknowledgement
THANK YOU
THANKS