National University of Computer & Emerging
Sciences – FAST
Department of Electrical Engineering
Course Code : MT 1004
Course Title : Linear Algebra
Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Junaid
Rabbani
Spring Semester 2024
Recommended Book
2 Muhammad Ahsan Khan 02/21/2024
Augmented Matrices
Recall General Linear System:
3 Muhammad Ahsan Khan 02/21/2024
Augmented Matrices
Express the system in the rectangular array, called
Augmented Matrix.
Augmented Matrices
For example, the augmented for the system of
equations is:
Elementary Row Operations
1. Multiply a row through by a nonzero constant.
2. Interchange two rows.
3. Add a constant times one row to another.
Example # 06
Consider the following system with its augmented
matrix and apply elementary row operations to obtain the
solution.
Example # 06 (Contd.)
Example # 06 (Contd.)
Example # 06 (Contd.)
Example # 06 (Contd.)
Example # 06 (Contd.)
Exercise Set 1.1 (TRUE-FALSE)
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
TRUE
FALSE
Exercise Set 1.1 (Contd.)
NON-
LINEAR LINEAR
NON-
LINEAR LINEAR
NON- LINEAR
LINEAR
• a, d, and e are solution.
• b and c are not solutions
to this system
ECHELON FORM
Examples of Reduced Row Echelon Form
Examples of Reduced Row Echelon Form
REDUCED ROW ECHELON
FROM
Property 1: Leading
1
Examples of Reduced Row Echelon Form
REDUCED ROW ECHELON
FROM
Property 1: Leading
1
Property 2: Rows containing
zeros are at the bottom of the
matrix
Examples of Reduced Row Echelon Form
REDUCED ROW ECHELON
FROM
Property 1: Leading
1
Property 3: the leading 1
in the lower row occurs Property 2: Rows containing
farther to the right. zeros are at the bottom of the
matrix
Examples of Reduced Row Echelon Form
REDUCED ROW ECHELON
FROM
Property 1: Leading
1
Property 3: the leading 1
in the lower row occurs Property 2: Rows containing
farther to the right. zeros are at the bottom of the
matrix
Property 4: Each column that
contains a leading 1 has zeros
everywhere else in that column.
Examples of Reduced Row
Echelon Form
These are also examples of reduced row echelon form:
* Substituted for any real numbers
Examples of Row Echelon Form
Examples of Row Echelon Form
Property 1: Leading
1
Examples of Row Echelon Form
Property 1: Leading
1
Property 2: Rows containing
zeros are at the bottom of the
matrix; but for this case, there
are no rows that consists
entirely of zeros.
Examples of Row Echelon Form
Property 1: Leading
1
Property 3: the leading 1
in the lower row occurs Property 2: Rows containing
farther to the right. zeros are at the bottom of the
matrix; but for this case, there
are no rows that consists
entirely of zeros.
Examples of Row Echelon Form
These are also examples of row echelon form:
* Substituted for any real numbers
Algorithm to reduce any Matrix to Reduced Row Echelon Form
Consider the following matrix:
The entire matrix is now in row echelon form
as:
Gaussian & Gauss-Jordan
Elimination
The algorithm just described for reducing a matrix to reduced row
echelon form is called Gauss–Jordan elimination.
This algorithm consists of two parts, a forward phase in which zeros are
introduced below the leading 1’s and a backward phase in which zeros
are introduced above the leading 1’s.
If only the forward phase is used, then the procedure produces a row
echelon form and is called Gaussian elimination (See Step 5).
Example 5: Gauss – Jordan
Elimination
Adding -3 times the third row to the second row and then adding 2
Adding -2 times the first row to the second and fourth rows times the second row of the resulting matrix to the first row yields
the reduced row echelon form
Multiplying the second row by -1 and then adding -5 times the
new second row to the third row and -4 times the new second row The corresponding system of equations is
to the fourth row gives
Solving for the leading variables, we obtain
Interchanging the third and fourth rows and then multiplying the
Finally, we express the system parametrically,
third row of the resulting matrix by 1/6 gives the row echelon form
Homogeneous Linear Systems
39 Muhammad Ahsan Khan 02/21/2024
Example 6: Homogeneous System
Consider the augmented matrix for the system in previous example, except for zeros in the
last column.
Thus, the reduced row echelon form of this matrix will be the same as that of the augmented
matrix in Example 5, except for the last column.
• Elementary row
operations do not alter
columns of zeros in a
Ignore the row of matrix
zeros
Example 6: Homogeneous System
Theorem 1.2.1:
If a homogeneous linear
system has n unknowns,
and if the reduced row
echelon form of its
augmented matrix has r
nonzero rows, then the
system has n - r free
variables.
• Elementary row
operations do not alter
columns of zeros in a
Ignore the row of matrix
zeros
41 Muhammad Ahsan Khan 02/21/2024
Example # 08
Discuss the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the corresponding
linear systems:
(a) the system is (b) The system must (c) The system has
inconsistent. have infinitely many unique solution.
Why? solutions. Why? Why?
Some Facts About Echelon Forms
Example # 09
Pivot Position:
Leading 1’s are
at some
positions.
Exercise Set 1.2
(True – False Exercises)
In parts (a)–(i) determine whether the statement is true or false, and justify your
answer
TRUE
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
FALSE
Exercise Set 1.2
In Exercises 13–14, determine whether the homogeneous system has nontrivial
solutions by inspection (without pencil and paper).
From theorem 1.2.2, this
system has infinitely many
solutions. Those include
the trivial solution and
infinitely
many nontrivial solutions.
The system does not have
nontrivial solutions. (see
Back-substitution)
Exercise Set 1.2
Exercise Set 1.2
Exercise Set 1.2
