History of Computer

Name :- Rutuja Arunrao Raut

MSc 2nd year (sem 4)
Cyber Security
Content

What is Computer

History of Computer

Early History of Computer

Generator of Computer
What is Computer

A computer is a device that accepts information (in the form of digitalized data)
and manipulates it for some result based on a program, software, or sequence of
instructions on how the data is to be processed.

A computer is composed of hardware and software, and can exist in a variety of

sizes and configurations. The term hardware refers to the physical components of
your computer such as the system unit, mouse, keyboard, monitor etc. The
software is the instructions that makes the computer work.
History of Computers
An abacus was one of the first and most famous devices. Charles Babbage, the
father of computer, began developing the first mechanical computer in 1822.
Early History of Computer
Computer history is a story of visionary ideas, mechanical marvels, and the gradual
emergence of modern computing concepts. Our digital age began with simple
devices that performed basic calculations, evolving over centuries into sophisticated
machines.
In the early history of computers, humans were capable of innovation and problem-
solving. In the journey through time, see the generation of computers reflect on the
extraordinary progress that continues to make our technological landscape a better
place
 Napier’s Bones

Napier's bones is a manually-operated calculating

device created by John Napier of Mercherson,
Scotland for the calculation of products and
quotients of numbers.

The method was based on lattice multiplication, and

also called rabdology, a word invented by Napier.
Napier published his version in 1617.
Slide Rule

A slide rule is a hand-operated mechanical calculator consisting of

slidable rulers for evaluating mathematical operations such as
multiplication, division, exponents, roots, logarithms, and trigonometry.
It is one of the simplest analog computers.
Pascaline
Pascaline, the first calculator or adding machine to be produced in any
quantity and actually used. The Pascaline was designed and built by the
French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal between 1642 and
1644. It could only do addition and subtraction, with numbers being
entered by manipulating its dials.
Stepped Reckoner
The stepped reckoner or Leibniz calculator was a mechanical calculator
invented by the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz around 1672
and completed in 1694. The name comes from the translation of the German
term for its operating mechanism, Staffelwalze, meaning "stepped drum".
Jacquard Loom

The Jacquard machine is a device fitted to a loom that simplifies the process of
manufacturing textiles with such complex patterns as brocade, damask and matelassé.
The resulting ensemble of the loom and Jacquard machine is then called a Jacquard
loom.
Charles Babbage
Charles Babbage is known as the father of the computer because he was the first to
invent the Analytical Engine, which led to the invention of the modern-day
computer. The Analytical Engine consisted of an Arithmetic Logic Unit or ALU, an
integrated memory, and a basic flow control involving branching and loops.
Ada Lovelance

Ada Lovelace (1815-1852) was born Augusta Ada Byron,

the only legitim
mate child of Annabella Milbank and the poet Lord Byron.
Her mother, Lady Byron, had mathematical training
(Byron called her his 'Princess of Parallelograms') and
insisted that Ada, who was tutored privately, study
mathematics too - an unusual education for a woman.
Generation of Computer

First Generator of Computer

Second Generator of Computer
Third Generator of Computer
Fourth Generator of Computer
Fifth Generator of Computer
First Generation of Computers
The first generation used vacuum tube technology and were built between 1940
and 1950. Vacuum tubes were expensive and produced a lot of heat, which made
these computers very expensive and only affordable to large organizations.
Machine language was the programming language used for these computers, and
they could not multitask.
Second Generation of Computers
The second generation of computers was developed in the late 1950s and
1960s. These computers replaced vacuum tubes with transistors making them
smaller, faster and more efficient. This was done as transistors were more
reliable than vacuum tubes, required less maintenance and generated less heat.
Third Generation of Computers
The third generation of computers emerged between 1960 and 1970. This
generation used microchips or integrated circuits, making it possible to create
smaller, cheaper, and much faster computers. The third generation of computers
was much faster than previous generations, with computational times reduced from
microseconds to nanoseconds. New input devices like the mouse and keyboard
were introduced, replacing older methods like punch cards. New functionalities,
like multiprogramming and time-sharing, and remote processing, were introduced,
allowing for more efficient use of computer resources.
Fourth Generation of Computers
Fourth generation computers were developed in 1970 after third generation that used
microprocessors. They used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits, which
contained about 5000 transistors capable of performing complex activities and
computations. Fourth generation computers were more adaptable, had more primary
storage capacity, were faster and more reliable than previous generations, and were
also portable, small, and required less electricity. Intel was the first company to
develop a microprocessor used in fourth generation computer.
Fifth Generation of Computers
The fifth generation of computers emerged after the fourth generation and is still being
developed. Computers of fifth generation use artificial intelligence (AI) to perform various
tasks. These computers use programming languages such as Python, R, C#, Java, etc., as
input methods.
The fifth generation computers employ ULSI technology (Ultra Large Scale Integration),
parallel processing, and AI to perform scientific computations and develop AI software. They
can perform intricate tasks such as image recognition, human speech interpretation, natural
language understanding, etc. Examples of fifth generation include laptops, desktops,
notebooks, chrome books, etc.
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