CHAPTER ONE

Introduction
to AI
 CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Introduction to AI

Objectives/Goals of AI

Approaches to AI – making computer

The Foundation of AI

 History of AI

Application of AI

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 Introduction to AI

 Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence.

 Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", or “the

ability to learn and solve problems”
 hence Artificial Intelligence means "a man-made thinking power."

 So, we can define Artificial Intelligence (AI) as the branch of computer science by
which we can create intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think
like humans, and able to make decisions.

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 Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence

The branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like
humans.

AI is a science that tries to develop computer based intelligent systems

(entities) that behave as human.

Basically aims for making the computers which can think intelligently, in the
similar manner the intelligent humans think.

The people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to

develop computer systems and machines that demonstrate the characteristics of
intelligence. 4
 Cont’d…
Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human-based skills
such as learning, reasoning, and solving problems.

With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram a machine to do

some work rather it should work with its own intelligence.

Intelligence is composed of:

Reasoning

Learning

Problem Solving

Perception
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 Characteristics of Intelligent system

Use vast amount of knowledge

Learn from experience and adopt to changing environment

Interact with human using natural language and speech

understand images (computer vision)

Respond in real time

Tolerate error and ambiguity in communication

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 Major Branches of AI
 Perceptive system

A system that approximates the way a human sees, hears, and feels.
 Vision system

Capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures

 Robotics

Mechanical and computer devices that perform tedious tasks with high precision.
 Expert system

Stores knowledge and makes inferences

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 AI…

Artificial intelligence comprises integration of several technologies such as machine

learning, natural language processing, reasoning, and perception

AI deals with the area of developing computing systems that are capable of
performing tasks that humans are very good at.

Example:- recognizing objects, recognizing and making sense of speech, and

decision making in a constrained environment.

Generally , AI is the field of CS that is associated with the concept of machines

“thinking like human” to perform tasks such as learning , problem solving ,
planning, reason and identifying patterns.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL)

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 Need for Artificial Intelligence
To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior

capability to learn, demonstrate, explain and advice its users.

To find solutions to complex problems

To automate the routine work

To automates repetitive learning and discovery through data.

To adapts through progressive learning algorithms

To achieves incredible accuracy through deep neural networks

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 Goals of Artificial Intelligence
The main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
Replicate human intelligence
Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
An intelligent connection of perception and action
Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human
intelligence such as:
Proving a theorem
Playing chess
Plan some surgical operation
Driving a car in traffic
Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behaviour, learn new
things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.

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 What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence ?
Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a combination of Reasoning,
learning, problem-solving, perception, language understanding, etc.

To achieve the above, AI requires the following disciplines:

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 Advantage of AI
High Accuracy with fewer errors: AI machines or systems are prone to fewer
errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.

 High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making

 High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action
multiple times with high accuracy.

 Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing
a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.

 Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to users.

 Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities.

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 Disadvantage of AI
High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly.

 Can't think out of the box: Machines cannot work out of the box, as the robot will
only do that work for which they are trained, or programmed.

 No feelings and emotions: does not have the feeling and may sometime be harmful
for users if the proper care is not taken.

 Increase dependence on machines: With the increment of technology, people are

getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.

 No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas
but still AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be
creative and imaginative.
Approaches to AI – making computer:

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 Thinking humanly: The Cognitive Modeling

 Is concerned with modeling human thinking processes

 The field of cognitive science delves into this topic

 Trying to model how humans think.

 Requires understanding of the internal activities of the brain

 See how humans behave in certain situations and see if you could
make computers behave in that same way.

Example. a program that plays chess like people do

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 Acting humanly: The Turing Test
 Can machines act like human do? Can machines behave
intelligently?
Turing Test:
 Operational test for intelligent behavior (30 min test)
 Is proposed by Alan Turing (1950)

 Do experiments on the ability to achieve human-level

performance: can the evaluator differentiate the response of the
human being from the AI program?

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 Thinking Rationally: The Laws of Thought
 A system is rational if it thinks/does the right thing through
correct reasoning.

 Correct premises give correct conclusion

 Abebe is a man; all men are mortal; therefore Abebe is mortal

 These Laws of thought governed the operation of the mind

and initiated the field of Logic.

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 Acting rationally: The rational agent
 Doing the right thing so as to achieve one’s goal, given one’s beliefs.

 AI is the study and construction of rational agents (an agent that

perceives and acts)

 Rational action requires the ability to represent knowledge and reason with
it so as to reach good decision.

 Learning for better understanding of how the world works

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 How to make computers act like humans?
The following sub-fields are emerged

Natural Language processing - Enable computers communicate in human language,

English, Amharic, …

Machine learning - Adapt to new circumstances and accumulate knowledge

Computer vision - Recognize objects based on patterns in the same way as the human
visual system does

Robotics - Produce mechanical device capable of controlled motion, which enable

computers to see, hear & take actions

Automated reasoning - Use stored information to answer questions and to draw new
conclusions
 How humans think
Achieving this goal might require many more years.

Intelligence or the cognitive process is composed of three main

stages:
Observe and input the information or data in the brain.

Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from the surrounding
environment.
Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received as input and
interpreted and evaluated.
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 Mapping human thinking to AI components

Because AI is the science of simulating human thinking, it is possible to map the

human thinking stages to the layers or components of AI systems.

In the first stage, humans acquire information from their surrounding
environments through human senses, such as sight, hearing, smell, taste, and
touch, through human organs, such as eyes, ears, and other sensing organs, for
example, the hands.

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 The Foundation of AI
Philosophy

At that time, the study of human intelligence began with no formal expression

Initiate the idea of mind as a machine and its internal operations

Mathematics :- formalizes the three main area of AI: computation, logic, and
probability
 Computation leads to analysis of the problems that can be computed

complexity theory
 Probability contributes the “degree of belief” to handle uncertainty in AI
 Decision theory combines probability theory and utility theory (bias)
 The Foundation of ….
Psychology

 How do humans think and act?

 The study of human reasoning and acting

 Provides reasoning models for AI

 Strengthen the ideas

• humans and other animals can be considered as information processing machines

Computer Engineering

 How to build an efficient computer?

 Provides the artifact that makes AI application possible

 The power of computer makes computation of large and difficult problems more easily
 The Foundation of …
 Control theory and Cybernetics

 How can artifacts operate under their own control?

 The artifacts adjust their actions

• To do better for the environment over time

• Based on an objective function and feedback from the environment
 Not limited only to linear systems but also other problems

• as language, vision, and planning, etc.

 Linguistics

 For understanding natural languages

• different approaches has been adopted from the linguistic work

 Formal languages

 Syntactic and semantic analysis


 History of AI
Myths of Mechanical men in Ancient Greek and Egyptian Myths
A. Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)
The year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren
McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons.
The year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the
connection strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.
The year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered
Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and
Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability to
exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing test.
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 History of AI…

B. The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)

The year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial
intelligence program" Which was named "Logic Theorist". This program had proved
38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find new and more elegant proofs for some
theorems.
The year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American
Computer scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first time, AI
coined as an academic field. At that time high-level computer languages such as
FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were invented. And the enthusiasm for AI was very high
at that time. 27
 History of AI …

C. The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)

 The year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms that can solve
mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966, which was
named as ELIZA.
 The year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named
WABOT-1.

D. The first AI winter (1974-1980)

 The duration between the years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI winter
refers to the time period where computer scientists dealt with a severe shortage of funding
from the government for AI researches.
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 During AI winters, an interest in publicity on artificial intelligence was decreased.
 History of AI

E. A boom of AI (1980-1987)
 The year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System". Expert
systems were programmed that emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert.
 In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of Artificial
Intelligence was held at Stanford University.

F. The second AI winter (1987-1993)

 The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration.

 Again, Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research due to high cost
but not efficient results. The expert system such as XCON was very cost-effective.

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 History of AI

G. The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)

The year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion,
Gary Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat a world chess champion
The year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a
vacuum cleaner.
The year 2006: AI came into the Business world until the year 2006. Companies

like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.

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 History of AI

H. Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)

 The year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it had to solve complex
questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved that it could understand natural language and can solve
tricky questions quickly.
 The year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which was able to provide
information to the user as a prediction.
 The year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the infamous
"Turing test."
 The year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with two master debaters and
also performed extremely well.
 Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual assistant and which had taken
hairdresser appointment on call, and the lady on the other side didn't notice that she was talking with the
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machine.
 Applications of AI
AI used to solve complex problems in efficient way in multiple industries, such as
Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc.

AI is making our daily life more comfortable and faster.

A. AI in agriculture

Agriculture is an area that requires various resources, labor, money, and time for
the best result.

Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field.

For example agriculture robotics, crop monitoring, and predictive analysis.

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 Cont’d…
B. AI in Healthcare

In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare
industry and going to have a significant impact on this industry to make a better and
faster diagnosis than humans.

C. AI in education

AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach.

AI chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.

AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be
accessible easily at any time and any place.
 Cont’d…
D. AI in Finance and E-commerce

AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other.

AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is

becoming more demanding in the e-commerce business.

AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products with recommended size,

color, or even brand.

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 Cont’d..
E. AI in Gaming

AI can be used for gaming purposes.

The AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where the machine needs
to think of a large number of possible places.

F. AI in Data Security

AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure.

• Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform, are used to determine
software bugs and cyber-attacks in a better way.
 Cont’d…
G. AI in Social Media

Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of
user profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way.

H. AI in Travel &Transport

AI is capable of doing various travel related works such as from making travel
arrangements to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers.

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 Cont’d…
I. AI in the Automotive Industry

Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can
make your journey more safe and secure.

J. AI in Robotics:

Humanoid Robots are the best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent
Humanoid robot named Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and
behave like humans.

K. AI in Entertainment

We are currently using some AI-based applications in our daily life with some
entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon.
THANKS