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Trigonometry

This document provides an overview of plane trigonometry and introduces some key concepts: 1) It defines trigonometry as the branch of mathematics dealing with relationships of sides and angles of triangles and relevant functions of any angles. 2) It describes the basic angle units of degrees, radians, and grads and classifies different types of angles. 3) It outlines several important trigonometric formulas including the Pythagorean theorem, trigonometric functions, identities, and formulas for solving triangles.

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John Allen Estillomo
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29 views26 pages

Trigonometry

This document provides an overview of plane trigonometry and introduces some key concepts: 1) It defines trigonometry as the branch of mathematics dealing with relationships of sides and angles of triangles and relevant functions of any angles. 2) It describes the basic angle units of degrees, radians, and grads and classifies different types of angles. 3) It outlines several important trigonometric formulas including the Pythagorean theorem, trigonometric functions, identities, and formulas for solving triangles.

Uploaded by

John Allen Estillomo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Plane Trigonometry

Trigonometry
• Came from the Greek word “trigonon” which means triangle and
“metria” which means measurement.
• It is the branch of mathematics dealing with the relations of the sides
and angles of triangles and with the relevant functions of any angles.
• Hipparchus is recognized as the Father of Trigonometry.
ANGLE
• Angle is the space between two
intersecting lines and the point
of intersection of this two lines is
called vertex.
• Units:
• 1 rev = 360 degrees
• = 2π radians
• = 400 grads = 400 gons
• = 6400 mils
Name given to angles and its equivalent
Names Angle Equivalent
• Oblique Angles – angles which
Zero (Null) θ = 0°
are non-right and non-straights.
Acute 0 < θ < 90°
Right θ = 90° • Vertical Angles – opposite angles
Obtuse 90° < θ < 180° formed between two
Straight θ = 180° intersecting lines. VA are equal.
Reflex 180° < θ <360°
Full (Perigon) θ = 360°
Sum of Angles
Angle Sums Expressions used on problems
• Complementary angles  90 • Complement of A = 90 – A
• Supplementary angles  180 • Supplement of B = 180 – B
• Explementary angles  360 • Explement of C = 360 – C
Classification of Triangles

Interior Angle Sides


Right Triangle Isosceles Triangle – 2 sides are
Oblique Triangle equal
Acute Scalene Triangle – no sides are
equal
Obtuse
Equilateral Triangle – all sides
Equiangular are equal
Schwarz’s Inequality
• Sum of any two sides of any
triangle is greater than the third
side.
a+b>c
b+c>a
c+a>b
• A + B + C = 180°
Right Triangle
• Pythagorean Theorem

• Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric Identities
• Reciprocal Identities • Pythagorean Identities
Trigonometric Identities
• Sum & Differences

• Double Angle Identities


Oblique Triangles
• Cosine Law

• Sine Law
Area of Triangle
• Given base and height • Triangle Circumscribing a Circle
c
a r

b
• Given 2 sides and included angle • Triangle Inscribed in a Circle

𝜃
• Given 3 sides, Heron’s Formula • Triangle with Escribed Circle

• , semi-perimeter
c a r

b
Theorems on Circle
• Arc and central angle: • Angles subtended by the same
arc:
• Inscribed angle and central
angle: • Intersecting tangent and chord:
Theorems on Circle
• Intersecting chords: • Intersecting tangent and secant:

• Intersecting secants:
Quadrantal Trigonometric Functions

ACTS
+
Other Trigonometric Formulas

•
•
• co
Spherical Trigonometry
Spherical Trigonometry
• It is the branch of mathematics which focuses on the measurement of
triangles on the spheres.
• It is principally used in navigation and astronomy
Comparison between plane triangle and
spherical triangle
• Sides (a, b, c) • Sides (a, b, c)
• Linear measurements • Angular measurements
• Sum of interior angle • Sum of interior angle
• A + B + C = 180° • 180 < A + B + C < 540°
Basic Formula
• Area of Spherical Triangle,
• Volume of Spherical Triangle,
• Where:
• Spherical Excess,
• Spherical Defect,
Spherical Triangles

Right Spherical Triangle Oblique Spherical Triangle


• Triangle on the sphere having • Triangle on the sphere which has
atleast one interior angle equal no right angle (90 degrees) on its
to 90 degrees. included angles.
Solutions to Right Spherical Triangle
• Rule 1: The sine of any middle part is equal to the product of the
tangents of the adjacent parts. Sin-Tan-Ad
• Rule 2: The sine of any middle part is equal to the product of the
cosine of the opposite parts. Sin-Cos-Op
Solutions for Oblique Spherical Triangle
• Sine Law:
• Cosine Law for Sides:
S.P.A.N.
Sides Positive
Angles Negative
• Cosine Law for Angles:
Terrestrial Sphere
• In spherical trigonometry, earth
is assumed to be a perfect
sphere.
• Units:
• 1 minute = 1 nautical mile
• 1 nautical mile = 6080 feet
• 1 statute mile = 5280 feet
• 1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour
• 1° = 60 nautical miles rearth = 6400 km = 3959 miles
Terrestrial Sphere
• Latitudes are small circles parallel to the equator. These will serve as
angular elevation above and below the equator.
• Longitudes or meridians are semicircles that run from the north and
south poles and used to locate how far east or west from Greenwich,
England.
• Prime Meridian is the semicircle running from the north to south pole
through Greenwich, England. Opposite to it is the International Date
Line (IDL)
Terrestrial Sphere

Bearings Azimuths
• Measurements from the north • Clockwise angles usually
or south, clockwise or measured from a meridian line
counterclockwise. It is thus azimuths used either north
quadrantal, therefore it does not or south as their reference.
exceed 90°.

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