Object-Oriented Programming-I

3140705

Object Oriented
Programming-I
Teaching and Examination Scheme

Teaching Scheme Credits Examination Marks

Theory Marks Practical Marks Total
L T P C Marks
ESE (E) PA (M) ESE (V) PA (I)
4 0 2 5 70 30 30 20 150
Syllabus
Syllabus
Total
Sr. No. Content
Hrs
1 Introduction to java and elementary programming: 04
Java language specification API, JDK and IDE, Creating, compiling and Executing a simple java program,
Programming style, documentation and errors, Reading input from console, identifiers and variables,
Assignment statements, Named constants and naming conventions, Data Types (Numeric, Boolean,
Character, String) its Operations and Literals, Evaluating Expressions and operator Precedence, Types of
Operators (Augmented assignment, Increment and Decrement, Logical), operator precedence and
associativity, numeric type conversions.
2 Selections , Mathematical functions and loops: 04
If statements, Two way, Nested if and multi-way if statements, Switch statements, Conditional Expressions,
Common mathematical functions ,While , do-while and for loop, nested loops, Keyword break and continue.
3 Methods and Arrays: 06
Defining and calling method, Passing argument by values, Overloading methods and scope of variables,
Method abstraction and stepwise refinement, Single Dimensional arrays, copying arrays ,Passing and
returning array from method, Searching and sorting arrays and the Array class, Two-Dimensional array and
its processing, Passing Two-dimensional Array to methods, Multidimensional Arrays.
Syllabus (Cont.)
Total
Sr. No. Content
Hrs
4 Objects and Classes: 04
Defining classes for objects, Constructors, accessing objects via reference variable, using classes from the
java library, static variables, constants and methods, visibility modifiers and Data field encapsulation, passing
objects to methods, array of objects, immutable objects and classes, scope of variable and the this reference.
5 Object oriented thinking: 05
Class abstraction and Encapsulation, thinking in objects and class relationships, Primitive data type and
wrapper class types, Big integer and Big decimal class, string class, String Builder and String Buffer class,
super class and subclass, using super keyword, overriding and overloading methods, polymorphism and
dynamic binding, casting objects and instanceof operator, The ArrayList class and its methods, The protected
data and methods.
6 Exception Handling, I/O, abstract classes and interfaces: 04
Exception types, finally clause, rethrowing Exceptions, chained exceptions, defining custom exception
classes, file class and its input and output, Reading data from web, Abstract classes, interfaces, Comparable
and Cloneabal interface.
Syllabus (Cont.)
Total
Sr. No. Content
Hrs
7 JAVAFX basics and Event-driven programming and animations: 05
Basic structure of JAVAFX program, Panes, UI control and shapes, Property binding, the Color and the Font
class, the Image and Image-View class, layout panes and shapes, Events and Events sources, Registering
Handlers and Handling Events, Inner classes, anonymous inner class handlers, mouse and key events,
listeners for observable objects, animation
8 JAVAFX UI controls and multimedia: 04
Labeled and Label, button, Checkbox, RadioButton, Textfield, TextArea, Combo Box, ListView, Scrollbar,
Slider, Video and Audio.
9 Binary I/O ,Recursion and Generics: 04
Text I/O, binary I/O, Binary I/O classes, Object I/o, Random Access files, Problem solving using Recursion,
Recursive Helper methods, Tail Recursion, Defining Generic classes and interfaces, Generic methods, Raw
types and backward compatibility, wildcard Generic types, Erasure and Restrictions on Generics.
10 List, Stacks, Queues and Priority Queues: 04
Collection, Iterators, Lists, The Comparator interface, static methods for list and collections, Vector and Stack
classes, Queues and priority Queues.
Syllabus (Cont.)
Total
Sr. No. Content
Hrs
11 Sets and Maps: 02
Comparing the performance of Sets and Lists, singleton and unmodifiable collections and Maps.
12 Concurrency: 02
Thread states and life cycle,Creating and Executing threads with the Executor Framework, Thread
synchronization
 Object-Oriented Programming
3140705

Introduction to java
and
elementary programming

Ms. Monali Panchal

Computer Engineering Department
Introduction
Welcome to the world of Programming
What is Language?
🞂 A language is a system of communication used by a particular country or community.
🞂 It is a structured system of communication used by humans, based on speech and gesture
(spoken language), sign or often writing.
🞂 Both person should understand each other’s language.

Hello કે મ છો!
! 你好 મજામાં
Programming Language
🞂 A programming language is a computer language that is used by programmers (developers) to
communicate with computers.
🞂 It is a set of instructions written in a specific language to perform a specific task.
🞂 It allow us to give instructions to a computer in a language the computer understands.
🞂 5000+ programming languages are there, notably used are approximate 250.
🞂 E.g. C, C++, C#, Java, Python, PHP, Pascal, etc.
Types of Programming Languages
1. Low-level programming language
⮩ It is a machine-dependent (hardware specific) programming language.
⮩ It consists of a set of instructions that are either in the binary form (0 or 1) or in a symbolic
and human-understandable mnemonics (ADD, MOV, SUB).
⮩ E.g. Machine level language, Assembly language, etc.
2. High-level programming language
⮩ It is closer to human languages than machine-level languages.
⮩ It is easy to read, write, and maintain as it is written in English like words.
⮩ It allows to write the programs which are independent of a particular type of machine
(hardware).
⮩ A compiler is required to translate a high-level language into a low-level language.
⮩ E.g. Python, Java, JavaScript, PHP, C#, LISP, FORTRAN, etc.
3. Middle-level programming language
⮩ Middle-level programming language lies between the low-level and high-level
programming language.
⮩ E.g. C, C++, etc.
Introduction to
JAVA
🞂 Java is a general-purpose computer-programming language that is open source, platform
independent, object-oriented and specifically designed to have as few implementation
dependencies as possible.
🞂 Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995.
🞂 Java was initially named as Oak language and renamed to JAVA in 1995.
Current Version Java SE 17.0. 2 (as of September, 14th 2021)
Version we will use Java SE 11 (LTS)
Setup size 149 MB (Linux), 152 MB (Windows x64)
Download Link https://www.oracle.com/in/java/technologies/javase-jdk11-downloads.html
Official Website https://java.com
Integrated Development 1. Eclipse NetBeans
Environment 2. IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition
(IDE) 3. BlueJ
Features of JAVA
Simple: Java inherits C/C++ syntax and many object-oriented features of C++.

Object Oriented: “Everything is an object” paradigm, which possess some state,

behavior and all the operations are performed using these objects.

Robust: Java has a strong memory management system. It helps in eliminating error as
it checks the code during compile and runtime.

Multithreaded: Java supports multiple threads of execution, including a set of

synchronization primitives. This makes programming with threads much easier.
Features of JAVA (Cont.)
Architectural Neutral: Java is platform independent which means that any application
written on one platform can be easily ported to another platform.

Interpreted: Java is compiled to bytecodes, which are interpreted by a Java run-time

environment.

High Performance: Java achieves high performance through the use of bytecode which
can be easily translated into native machine code. With the use of JIT (Just-In-Time)
compilers, Java enables high performance.
Features of JAVA (Cont.)

Distributed: Java provides a feature which helps to create distributed applications.

Using Remote Method Invocation (RMI), a program can invoke a method of another
program across a network and get the output. You can access files by calling the
methods from any machine on the internet.

Dynamic: Java has ability to adapt to an evolving environment which supports dynamic
memory allocation due to which memory wastage is reduced and performance of the
application is increased.
Components of Java
🞂 Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
JDK
🞂 Java Runtime Environment
(JRE)
🞂 Java Development Kit (JDK)
Compiler Java Packages
(javac.exe) (math, util, JVM
Java Application awt etc…)

Launcher
(java.exe), Runtime
AppletViewer, Libraries
etc..)

Development tools JRE

Java Development Kit (JDK)
🞂 JDK contains tools needed ,
⮩ To develop the Java programs and
⮩ JRE to run the programs.
🞂 The tools include
⮩ compiler (javac.exe),
⮩ Java application launcher (java.exe),
⮩ Appletviewer, etc…
🞂 Java application launcher (java.exe) opens a
JRE, loads the class, and invokes its main
method.
Java Runtime Environment (JRE)
🞂 The JRE is required to run java applications.
🞂 It combines the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), platform core
classes and supporting libraries.
🞂 JRE is part of the Java Development Kit (JDK), but can be
downloaded separately.
🞂 It does not contain any development tools such as compiler,
debugger, etc.
Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
🞂 JVM is a virtual machine that enables a computer to run Java
programs as well as programs written in other languages and
compiled to Java Bytecode.
🞂 Bytecode is a highly optimized set of instructions designed to be
executed by the Java Virtual Machine(JVM).
🞂 Byte code is intermediate representation of java source code.
🞂 Java compiler provides byte code by compiling Java Source
Code.
🞂 Extension for java class file or byte code is ‘.class’, which is
platform independent.
🞂 JVM is virtual because , It provides a machine interface that
does not depend on the operating system and machine hardware
architecture.
🞂 JVM interprets the byte code into the machine code.
🞂 JVM itself is platform dependent, but Java is Not.
How Java become Platform Independent?
Source code .java
(Program)
file

Compiler

Bytecode .class
file

JVM JVM JVM

(Windows) (Linux) (Mac)

Machine Machine Machine

Code Code Code
Java Interview Question
1. Difference between JRE and JVM?
2. Difference between interpreter and JIT compiler?
3. Why Java is platform independent?
4. What are Java bytecodes?
5. JVM vs. JRE vs. JDK
Hello World Java Program File must be saved as HelloWorld.java

public class HelloWorld

Main method from where execution will start
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{ String must start with capital letter
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
System must start with capital letter
}

🞂 We have to save this in HelloWorld.java file as it has public class named HelloWorld.
🞂 String and System are inbuilt Java Classes.
🞂 Classes in java are always written in Camel case.
How to execute Java Program?
1. Save the program with the same name as the public class with .java extension.
How to execute Java Program?
2. Open command prompt (cmd) / terminal & navigate to desired directory / folder.

3. Compile the “.java” file with javac command.

4. Execute the “.class” file with java command without extension.

Tokens
Tokens
🞂 The smallest individual unit of a language / program is known as a token.
🞂 Tokens are basic building blocks of any language.
“Jane bakes tasty cookies.”
⮩ Jane is noun
⮩ bakes is verb
⮩ tasty is adjective
⮩ cookies is noun
⮩ ‘.’ is special character to end the sentence.
🞂 Each and every word and punctuation is a token.
🞂 We divide sentence into tokens to understand the meaning of a sentence.
🞂 Similarly, the compilers of programming language breaks a program into the tokens and
proceeds to the various stages of the compilation.
🞂 However, collection of tokens in appropriate sequence makes a meaningful sentence.
Classification of Tokens
Sr. Token Description Examples

1 Keywords Predefined reserved words void, int, float, for, if

User-defined combination of alphanumeric characters. a, i, sum, number,

2 Identifiers
Name of a variable, function, class, etc. pi

3 Constants Fixed values that do not change 17, -25.50, 82, 0

4 Strings A sequence of characters “Darshan”, “Hi!”

5 Special Symbols Symbols that have special meaning #, $, @, %, =, :, ;

6 Operators A symbol that performs operation on a value or a variable +, -, *, /

Identifiers
Identifiers
🞂 They are used for class names, method names and variable names.
🞂 An identifier may be any descriptive sequence of
⮩ uppercase(A…Z) and lowercase(a..z) letters
⮩ Numbers(0..9)
⮩ Underscore(_) and dollar-sign($) characters
🞂 Examples for valid Identifiers,
⮩ AvgTemp
⮩ count
⮩ a4
⮩ $test
⮩ this_is_ok
🞂 Examples for invalid Identifiers,
⮩ 2count (Identifiers can not start with
digit)
⮩ High-temp (Identifiers can not contain dash)
⮩ Ok/NotOK (Identifiers can not contains slash)
Identifier Name Valid or Invalid?

for Rajkot _Name If Roll Number Rs.

_________a int student _7 Identifier Valid

C C++ Java C# Compiler ___8__a__8

7Student Who? v.a.l.u. A_B_C_D_E i if

Int A2020 2021 sum a,b,c i;

Data Types

Java Datatypes

Primitive Non-primitive

Floating-point
Integers Characters Boolean Class
numbers
Primitive Data Types
Data Type Size Range Example
byte 1 Byte -128 to 127 byte a = 10;
short 2 Bytes -32,768 to 32,767 short a = 200;
int 4 Bytes -2,147,483,648 to int a = 50000;
2,147,483,647
long 8 Bytes -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to long a = 20;
9,223,372,036,854,775,807
float 4 Bytes 1.4e-045 to 3.4e+038 float a = 10.2f;

double 8 Bytes 4.9e-324 to 1.8e+308 double a = 10.2;

char 2 Bytes 0 to 65536 (Stores ASCII of char a = ‘a’;

character)
boolean Not true or false boolean a = true;
defined
Escape Sequences
🞂 Escape sequences in general are used to signal an alternative interpretation of a series of
characters.
🞂 For example, if you want to put quotes within quotes you must use the escape sequence, \",
on the interior quotes.
System.out.println("Good Morning \"World\"");
Escape Sequence Description
\’ Single quote
\” Double quote
\\ Backslash
\r Carriage return
\n New Line
\t Tab
Type Casting
🞂 Assigning a value of one type to a variable of another type is known as Type Casting.
🞂 In Java, type casting is classified into two types,
⮩ Widening/Automatic Type Casting (Implicit)

⮩ Narrowing Type Casting(Explicitly done)

Automatic Type Casting
🞂 When one type of data is assigned to other type of variable , an automatic type conversion
will take place if the following two conditions are satisfied:
⮩ The two types are compatible
⮩ The destination type is larger than the source type
🞂 Such type of casting is called “widening conversion”.
🞂 Example:
int can always hold values of byte and short
public static void main(String[] args) {
byte b = 5;
// √ this is correct
int a = b;
}
Casting Incompatible Types
🞂 To create a conversion between two incompatible types, you must use a cast
🞂 A cast is an explicit type conversion.
🞂 Such type is called “narrowing conversion”.
🞂 Syntax:
(target-type) value
🞂 Example:
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 5;
// × this is not correct
byte b = a;
// √ this is correct
byte b = (byte)a ;
}
Operator
Perform definite operation
Operators
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Relational Operators
3. Bitwise Operators
4. Logical Operators
5. Assignment Operators
6. Conditional / Ternary Operator
7. Instance of Operator
Operators
🞂 An operator is a symbol to perform specific mathematical or logical functions.
🞂 We use operators in maths to perform certain operations, e.g. +, -, *, /, etc.
🞂 Unary operators (++, --) take one operand, Binary operators (+, -, *, /) take two operands.
🞂 Programming languages are rich in operators which can be divided in following categories,
Sr. Operator Examples
1 Arithmetic Operators +, -, *, /, %
2 Relational Operators <, <=, >, >=, ==, !=
3 Logical Operators &&, ||, !
4 Assignment Operators =, +=, -=, *=, /=
5 Increment and Decrement ++, --
Operators
6 Conditional Operator ?:
7 Bitwise Operators &, |, ^, <<, >>
Arithmetic Operators
🞂 An arithmetic operator performs basic mathematical calculations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division etc on numerical values (constants and variables).

Operator Meaning Example Description

+ Addition a+b Addition of a and b
- Subtraction a–b Subtraction of b from a
* Multiplication a*b Multiplication of a and b
/ Division a/b Division of a by b
% Modulo division- remainder a%b Modulo of a by b
Relational Operators
🞂 A relational operators are used to compare two values.
🞂 They check the relationship between two operands, if the relation is true, it returns 1; if the
relation is false, it returns value 0.
🞂 Relational expressions are used in decision statements such as if, for, while, etc…

Operator Meaning Example Description

< is less than a<b a is less than b
<= is less than or equal to a <= b a is less than or equal to b
> is greater than a>b a is greater than b
>= is greater than or equal to a >= b a is greater than or equal to b
== is equal to a == b a is equal to b
!= is not equal to a != b a is not equal to b
Relational Operators Note : A = 10 & B =
20

Operator Description Example

== Equals (A == B) is not true.

!= Not Equals (A != B) is true.

> Greater than (A > B) is not true.

< Less than (A < B) is true.

>= Greater than equals (A >= B) is not true.

<= Less than equals (A <= B) is true.

Bitwise Operators Note : A = 60 & B =
13
Operato
Description Example
r

& Binary AND Operator A & B = 12 which is 0000 1100

| Binary OR Operator A | B = 61 which is 0011 1101

^ Binary XOR Operator A ^ B = 49 which is 0011 0001

~A = -61 which is 1100 0011

~ Binary Ones Complement Operator in 2's complement form due to
a signed binary number.
A << 2 = 240 which is 1111
<< Binary Left Shift Operator
0000

>> Binary Right Shift Operator. A >> 2 = 15 which is 1111

A >>>2 = 15 which is 0000

>>> Shift right zero fill operator.
1111
Logical Operators
🞂 Logical operators are decision making operators.
🞂 They are used to combine two expressions and make decisions.
🞂 An expression containing logical operator returns either 0 or 1 depending upon whether
expression results false or true.
Operato
Meaning Example (Let’s assume c=5 and d=2)
r
Logical AND. True only if all operands are expression ((c==5) && (d>5)) equals
&&
true to 0.
Logical OR. True only if either one operand expression ((c==5) || (d>5)) equals
||
is true to 1.
a if the boperand
Logical NOT. True only a &&
is b a || b
! expression !(c==5) equals to 0.
false 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1
Logical Operators Note : A = true & B = false

Operator Description Example

&& Logical AND operator (A && B) is false.

|| Called Logical OR Operator (A || B) is true.

! Called Logical NOT Operator !(A && B) is true.

Assignment Operators
🞂 Assignment operators are used to assign a new value to the variable.
🞂 The left side operand of the assignment operator is a variable and right side operand of the
assignment operator is a value or a result of an expression.
🞂 Meaning of = in Maths and Programming is different.
⮩ Value of LHS & RHS is always same in Math.
⮩ In programming, value of RHS is assigned to the LHS
Operat Meaning
or
= Assigns value of right side to left side. Suppose a=5 and b=10. a=b means now
value of a is 10.
+= a += 1 is same as a = a + 1
-= a -= 5 is same as a = a – 5
*= a *= b is same as a = a * b Shorthand Assignment Operators
/= a /= c is same as a = a / c
%= a %= 10 is same as a = a % 10
Assignment Operators
Operator Description Example
C = A + B will assign value of
= Simple assignment operator
A + B into C
C += A is equivalent to C = C
+= Add AND assignment operator
+A
C -= A is equivalent to C = C -
-= Subtract AND assignment operator
A
C *= A is equivalent to C = C *
*= Multiply AND assignment operator
A
C /= A is equivalent to C = C /
/= Divide AND assignment operator
A
C %= A is equivalent to C = C
%= Modulus AND assignment operator
%A
C <<= 2 is same as C = C <<
<<= Left shift AND assignment operator
2
C >>= 2 is same as C = C >>
>>= Right shift AND assignment operator
2
&= Bitwise AND assignment operator C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2
bitwise exclusive OR and assignment
^= C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2
Increment / Decrement Operators
🞂 Increment and decrement operators are unary operators that add or subtract one, to or from
their operand.
🞂 the increment operator ++ increases the value of a variable by 1, e.g. a++ means a=a+1
🞂 the decrement operator -- decreases the value of a variable by 1. e.g. a–– means a=a–1
🞂 If ++ operator is used as a prefix (++a) then the value of a is incremented by 1 first then it
returns the value.
🞂 If ++ operator is used as a postfix (a++) then the value of a is returned first then it increments
value of a by 1.
Expressio Expression Evaluation (Let’s say a=10,
Evaluation (Let’s say a=10, c=15)
n c=15)
Value of b would be 10 and value of a would b = --a + c++
b = a++ b = 24
be 11. b = a++ + ++c
b = 26
b = ++a Value of b & a would be 11.
b = ++a - ++c
Value of b would be 10 and value of a would b = –5
b = a--
be 9.
b = --a Value of b & a would be 9.
Conditional Operator (Ternary)
🞂 Conditional Operator ( ? : )
⮩ Syntax:
variable x = (expression) ? value if true : value if false
⮩ Example:
b = (a == 1) ? 20 : 30;
Operator Precedence & Associativity
🞂 How does java evaluate 1 + 10 * 9 ?
⮩ (1 + 10 ) * 9 = 99 OR 1 + (10 * 9) = 91
🞂 To get the correct answer for the given problem Java came up with Operator precedence.
( multiplication have higher precedence than addition so correct answer will be 91 in this
case)
🞂 For Operator, associativity means that when the same operator appears in a row, then to
which direction the expression will be evaluated.
🞂 How does java evaluate 1 * 2 + 3 * 4 / 5 ???
2 + 12 / 5
2 + 2.4
4.4
Precedence of Java Operators
Category Operator Associativity
Postfix () [] . (dot operator) Left to right
Unary ++ - - ! ~ Right to left
Multiplicative */% Left to right
Additive +- Left to right
Shift >> >>> << Left to right
Relational > >= < <= Left to right
Equality == != Left to right
Bitwise AND & Left to right
Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right
Bitwise OR | Left to right
Logical AND && Left to right
Logical OR || Left to right
Conditional ?: Right to left
Assignment = += -= *= /= %= >>= <<= &= ^= |= Right to left
Comma , Left to right
Operators Precedence &
Associativity
Priority matters!
Operators Precedence & Associativity
🞂 Operators Precedence and Associativity are two characteristics of
operators that determine the evaluation order of sub-expressions in
absence of brackets.
🞂 Operator precedence determines which operation is performed first in
an expression with more than one operators with different precedence.
⮩ a=10 + 20 * 30 is calculated as 10 + (20 * 30) and not as (10 + 20)
* 30 so answer is 610.
🞂 Operators Associativity is used when two operators of same
precedence appear in an expression. Associativity can be either Left to
Right (L to R) or Right to Left (R to L).
⮩ a=100 / 10 * 10
▪ If Left to Right means (100 / 10) * 10 then answer is 100
▪ If Right to Left means 100 / (10 * 10) then answer is 1
▪ Division (/) & Multiplication (*) are Left to Right associative
so the answer is 100.
Operators Precedence and Associativity
1) Associativity is only used when there are two or more operators of same precedence.
2) All operators with the same precedence have same associativity

Priorit Operato Associativi Priorit Associativi

Description Operator Description
y r ty y ty

() left-to-right 7 == != is equal to/is not equal to left-to-right

Parentheses (function call)
[] 8 & Bitwise AND left-to-right
Brackets (array subscript)
.
1 Member selection via object name 9 ^ Bitwise exclusive OR left-to-right
->
Member selection via pointer
a++ a 10 | Bitwise OR left-to-right
Postfix increment/decrement
—
11 && Logical AND left-to-right
Prefix increment/decrement right-to-
++a — left 12 || Logical OR left-to-right
Unary plus/minus
a
Logical negation/bitwise complement right-to-
+– 13 ?: Ternary conditional
Cast (convert value to temporary value left
!~
2 of type)
(type) = Assignment right-to-
De-reference
* += -= *= /= %= Shorthand Assignments left
Address (of operand)
& &= Bitwise exclusive/inclusive
Determine size in bytes on this 14
sizeof ^= |= assignment
implementation
Bitwise shift left/right
3 * / % Multiplication/division/modulus left-to-right <<= >>= assignment
Exercise
Sr. Exercise Answer
1. int i=1; 4
i=2+2*i++;
2. int a=2,b=7,c=10; 0
c=a==b;
3. int a=2,b=7,c=10; 1
c=a!=b;
4. int a=100 + 200 / 10 - 3 * 10 90
5. int a = 2, b = 6, c = 12, d; 14
d = a * b + c / b;
printf("The value of d = %d ", d);
Thank You